Abstract:

To remedy the fragmented command tiers, a weak data-to-decision link and poor dynamic adaptability, which have long limited the effectiveness of China's emergency-response system, an integrated framework based on digital-twin technology was investigated. A generic four-tier, five-step model—comprising an emergency-command center, on-site command post, rescue teams and individual rescuers, together with the steps Sense, Simulate, Strategize, Decide and Act—was established and extended to the S3DA2 framework. A cost-minimization formula for optimal decision making was derived. Building on this framework, an emergency digital-twin battlefield technology system was established, encompassing multi-source data fusion, twin modelling, fluid-solid-coupled/artificial intelligence hybrid simulation and multi-objective decision optimization. A fluid-solid coupling, multi-agent rescue simulator was developed and validated with the 2024 Tuanzhou Dyke breach on Dongting Lake, enabling a real-time closed loop between the physical scene and its virtual replica. Results show that breach-width predictions deviate by less than 10%, total sealing time is reduced from 82 h to 52 h, and the estimated rock-fill demand of 5.9 × 10⁴ m³ matches field measurements.

Key words: emergency command, sense-simulate-strategize-decide-act (S3DA2) framework, digital twin battlefield, key technologies, four-tier model, five-step model