预裂爆破在某地下矿高大硐室掘进的应用研究

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.S2.0036

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对某地下铜矿采用大直径深孔阶段空场嗣后充填法时,二步骤矿房回采过程中相邻充填体受爆破扰动破坏、导致矿石贫化率升高的问题,开展预裂爆破技术在高大硐室掘进中的试验研究,设定预裂孔爆破参数孔径为100 mm,线装药密度为1 kg/m,孔底及中部加强装药至2 kg/m。结果表明:预裂爆破法可以有效减轻对充填体和岩体的破坏,有助于降低废石混入率,提高矿石回采效率;预裂爆破可有效控制轮廓面成型,半孔率达70%以上,显著降低对围岩及邻近充填体的损伤;在现有炮孔布置基础上,仅需增加一个外围炮孔即可实现预裂效果,这为二步骤回采中降低废石混入率、提高出矿效率提供了可行途径。

关键词: 预裂爆破, 探矿硐室, 预裂孔, 装药量, 装药密度

Abstract:

In response to increased ore dilution rate caused by blasting disturbance to adjacent fill bodies during the two-step room mining process in a certain underground copper mine that adopts the open stoping with subsequent filling method in the large-diameter deep-hole stage, experimental research on presplitting blasting technology in the excavation of large chambers was conducted. The presplitting blasting parameters were determined as follows: hole diameter of 100 mm, linear charge density of 1 kg/m, and enhanced charge density at the hole bottom and middle section up to 2 kg/m. The results indicate that presplitting blasting effectively reduces the damage to the fill bodies and rock mass, decreases the waste rock mixing rate, and improves ore recovery efficiency. On the basis of the existing blasthole layout, only one additional peripheral blasthole is needed to achieve the presplitting effect, providing a feasible approach to reduce the waste rock mixing rate and improve ore extraction efficiency in the two-step mining.

Key words: presplitting blasting, prospecting chamber, presplitting hole, charge weight, charge density

中图分类号:

X936

雷涛. 预裂爆破在某地下矿高大硐室掘进的应用研究[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2025, 35(S2): 182-188.

LEI Tao. Application of presplitting blasting in high chamber excavation of an underground mine[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025, 35(S2): 182-188.

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技术参数	拉槽孔+辅助孔	预裂孔
线装药密度/(kg·m^-1)	—	1.00
装药量/kg	456	81
崩矿量/t	127.69	287.30
总装药量/kg	537
总崩矿量/t	415
平均炸药单耗/(kg·t^-1)	1.29

器材名称	规格	数量
2^#岩石乳化炸药	Φ32 mm	270根
2^#岩石乳化炸药	Φ100 mm	152根
数码电子雷管	7 m	17发

序号	排号	孔号	孔深/m	装药长度/ m	药卷数量		装药量/kg	雷管/发	导爆索/m
序号	排号	孔号	孔深/m	装药长度/ m	Φ100 mm	Φ32 mm	装药量/kg	雷管/发	导爆索/m
1	1P	1	5.268	3.5	0	15	4.5	0	10
2		2	5.01	3.5	0	15	4.5	0	10
3		3	4.923	3.5	0	15	4.5	0	10
4		4	5.01	3.5	0	15	4.5	0	10
5		5	5.268	3.5	0	15	4.5	0	10
6	2P	1	5.189	3.5	0	15	4.5	0	10
7		2	4.891	3.6	8	0	24	1	10
8		3	4.82	3.6	8	0	24	1	10
9		4	4.891	3.6	8	0	24	1	10
10		5	5.189	3.5	0	15	4.5	0	10
11	3P	1	5.178	3.5	0	15	4.5	0	10
12		2	4.839	3.6	8	0	24	1	10
13		3	4.839	3.6	8	0	24	1	10
14		4	5.178	3.5	0	15	4.5	0	10
15	4P	1	5.236	3.5	0	15	4.5	0	10
16		2	4.891	3.6	8	0	24	1	10
17		3	4.82	4.2	14	0	42	1	0
18		4	4.82	4.2	14	0	42	1	0
19		5	4.891	3.6	8	0	24	1	10
20		6	5.236	3.5	0	15	4.5	0	10
21	5P	1	4.855	3.6	8	0	24	1	10
22		2	4.82	4.2	14	0	42	1	0
23		3	4.82	0	0	0	0	0	0
24		4	4.82	4.2	14	0	42	1	0
25		5	4.855	3.6	8	0	24	1	10
26	6P	1	5.362	3.5	0	15	4.5	0	10
27		2	4.994	3.6	8	0	24	1	10
28		3	4.924	3.6	8	0	24	1	10
29		4	4.994	3.6	8	0	24	1	10
30		5	5.362	3.5	0	15	4.5	0	10
31	7P	1	5.55	3.5	0	15	4.5	0	10
32		2	5.306	3.5	0	15	4.5	0	10
33		3	5.22	3.5	0	15	4.5	0	10
34		4	5.306	3.5	0	15	4.5	0	10
35		5	5.55	3.5	0	15	4.5	0	10
起爆预裂孔使用1发雷管								1	20
合计			177.125	123	152	270	537	17	320