急性应激对列车驾驶员认知加工和安全驾驶的影响

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2022.S2.0204

中国安全科学学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (S2): 243-247.doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2022.S2.0204

急性应激对列车驾驶员认知加工和安全驾驶的影响

周占松¹(), 王玉松², 向余红², 马锦飞²^,^**()

¹ 国能运输技术研究院有限责任公司重载列车安全牵引技术实验室, 河北肃宁 062350
² 辽宁师范大学心理学院, 辽宁大连 116021

收稿日期:2022-08-09 修回日期:2022-10-15 出版日期:2022-12-30
通讯作者:
^** 马锦飞(1985—),男,辽宁丹东人,博士,副教授,主要从事交通心理学方面的研究。E-mail:majinfei666@126.com。
作者简介:
周占松 (1981—),男,河北肃宁人,本科,工程师,主要从事铁路运输方面的相关工作。E-mail: 158865275@qq.com。
基金资助:
朔黄铁路发展有限责任公司科技创新项目(SHTL-21-23)

Effects of acute stress on cognitive processing of train drivers and safe driving

ZHOU Zhansong¹(), WANG Yusong², XIANG Yuhong², MA Jinfei²^,^**()

¹ Guoneng Shuohuang Railway Development, Suning Hebei 062350, China
² School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian Liaoning 116021, China

Received:2022-08-09 Revised:2022-10-15 Published:2022-12-30

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为防治急性应激对列车驾驶员认知加工和安全驾驶产生的不利影响,首先,梳理现有急性应激测评指标,列出各指标的优缺点;然后,探讨急性应激对何种认知成分和绩效产生影响;最后,考虑个体差异因素在急性应激对认知加工影响过程中的调节作用,针对性地提出急性应激干预方案。结果表明:如果问卷实施简单,可在短时间内收集大量数据;事件相关电位(ERP)指标可将应激与认知成分相关联,灵敏度较高;激素等指标反馈应激较灵敏,但易受干扰;眼动指标能反馈应激状态下的注意变化;急性应激会影响注意、执行功能及其子成分和决策;性别、年龄、经验和人格特质会在急性应激对认知加工的影响中起调节作用;基于现有研究成果,提出系统的列车驾驶员急性应激干预方案。

关键词: 急性应激, 列车驾驶员, 安全驾驶, 认知加工, 个体差异, 应激干预

Abstract:

In order to prevent the adverse effects of acute stress on cognitive processing and safe driving of train drivers, firstly, the existing acute stress assessment indicators were sorted out, and the advantages and disadvantages of each indicator were listed. Then, the effects of acute stress on cognitive components and performance were explored. Finally, the moderating effects of individual differences on the effects of acute stress on cognitive processing were concerned. The results show that if the questionnaire is simple, a large amount of data can be collected in a short time. ERP index can correlate stress with cognitive component with high sensitivity. The feedback stress of hormone and other indicators are sensitive, but easy to interfere with. Eye movement index can feedback attention change under stress state. Acute stress can impair attention, executive function, its subcomponents and decision making. Gender, age, experience and personality traits moderate the effects of acute stress on cognitive processing. In the future, the negative effects of acute stress on cognitive processing and safe driving of train drivers can be alleviated through pre-service assessment, training, on-the-job real-time monitoring and intervention.

Key words: acute stress, train driver, safe driving, cognitive processing, individual differences, stress intervention

周占松, 王玉松, 向余红, 马锦飞. 急性应激对列车驾驶员认知加工和安全驾驶的影响[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2022, 32(S2): 243-247.

ZHOU Zhansong, WANG Yusong, XIANG Yuhong, MA Jinfei. Effects of acute stress on cognitive processing of train drivers and safe driving[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2022, 32(S2): 243-247.

图/表 1

参考文献 14

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测评指标	优点	缺点
一般性情绪问卷:焦虑类量表、抑郁类量表以及情绪量表 (通常结合焦虑自评量表和抑郁自评量表使用)	①反映应激引起的心理变化 ②测评简单	①灵敏度较差 ②有效性较低 ③情绪量表仅为一种辅助测评应激的工具
急性应激反应问卷:驾驶员应激量表、急性应激障碍量表	①精准评估应激状态 ②筛选应激反应障碍群体	急性应激障碍量表适用人群不具体
驾驶员应激检测问卷:驾驶员应激量表、跨驾驶员压力量表	①专项职业问卷 ②细化应激评估维度 ③项目调整灵活有效	①生理学验证较少 ②部分问卷尚待推广
事件相关电位(Event related potential,ERP)指标	①灵敏度高 ②关联认知反应	①自身易成应激源 ②设备昂贵
激素:皮质醇、唾液α淀粉酶、去甲肾上腺素(有时三者结合评估)	①检测具有长期性 ②精确度高	①受其他活动影响 ②单一激素有效性低
心率、血压、瞳孔直径	①灵敏度高 ②施测方便	精确度低
眼动指标	直观	局限于反馈注意力的变化

急性应激对列车驾驶员认知加工和安全驾驶的影响

Effects of acute stress on cognitive processing of train drivers and safe driving

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