China Safety Science Journal

Analysis on propagation model and intervention effects of unsafe behaviors of construction workers

ZHANG Mingyuan, XU Qin

2021, 31(12): 1-9. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn 1003-3033.2021.12.001

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In order to intervene unsafe behaviors of workers in construction sites more pertinently, with SIR(Susceptible-Infected-Recovered) as basic prototype, a propagation model (SIR-C) suitable for workers' unsafe behaviors was established to explore communication characteristics of these behaviors and intervention effects. Then, a questionnaire was designed, and impacts of safety education, punitive measures, key figures and inconvenience of work tasks on behavior spreading at each stage were analyzed, and different intervention situations were simulated. The results show that SIR-C model can objectively reflect spreading of unsafe behaviors. In the three stages of imitating, recovering, and forgetting of behavioral communication process, critical factors are key figures, safety education and inconvenience of work tasks. Different intervention effects will be achieved for different types of unsafe behaviors, and that for intentional unsafe behaviors are more obvious. For single stage intervention, that during the recovery phase are comparatively obvious, and moreover, combined intervention effect is better than that of single stage.

An improved algorithm for construction behavior safety risk and hazard location identification based on knowledge graph

LONG Danbing, WEI Junhao, YANG Cheng

2021, 31(12): 10-16. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn 1003-3033.2021.12.002

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In order to address insufficiency of traditional construction behavior risk analysis in reflecting problems in projects and regions due to subjective judgement of experts, a knowledge graph method was proposed in this article for improving construction behavior-based safety risk analysis and hazardous location identification. Firstly, based on objective data report of construction accidents, an accident knowledge graph was built to store and recall data efficiently as well as support reasoning. Then, accident data deriving from construction behavior was extracted from the graph to modify possibility degree function of risk grading initially defined by experts, and the method based on gray clustering for risk analysis of construction behavior was improved. Finally, path reasoning algorithm over the knowledge graph was formed to identify relevant hazardous location corresponding to construction behavior indicators. After key behavior indicators were determined based on risk analysis results. Furthermore, a knowledge graph was developed through a case study on the same type of recent construction accident reports in the region where the project was located, the behavior-based safety risk analysis and hazardous location identification were carried out. The results show that the proposed method can determine accident level dynamically and comprehensively, and reflect risk location and timing characteristics, thus helping improve construction safety measures.

Experimental study on effect of natural aging on poplars' thermal behavior characteristics

DENG Jun, LIU Tongshuang, SONG Jiajia, ZHAO Jingyu, WANG Caiping, ZHAO Yanli

2021, 31(12): 17-23. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn 1003-3033.2021.12.003

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In order to explore influence of natural aging on thermal behavior characteristics of poplar wood, poplars with different natural aging rank were selected, and their apparent morphology and microstructure were tested by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. In addition, their thermal behavior characteristics were studied through differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The test indicated that their surface produced a large number of uneven fractures after natural aging, and diameter of internal pores could also increase. The content of active groups such as hydroxyl group, carbonyl group and ether bond decreased gradually as degree of natural aging deepened, while DSC heat flow curve shifted to low temperature region. The results show that natural aging changes the internal pore structure and active group content of poplar wood, causing the samples to be pyrolyzed more easily.

Evaluation of influencing level of deep wells' thermal and humid environment on miners' mental and physical safety

NIE Xingxin, AI Weixi, MA Yijie, SUN Hao

2021, 31(12): 24-31. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn 1003-3033.2021.12.004

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In order to protect mines' physical and mental health and reduce safety accidents, influence of thermal and humid environment in deep wells on their physical and psychological safety was analyzed by using matter-element extension theory. Firstly, an influencing index system was established, and a matter-element extension model was designed and improved. Then, with 9 mining workers being selected from a copper mine in Chengde, Hebei as objects, matter-element correlation function method, matter-element eigenvalue, cloud model evaluation, expert evaluation and other methods were used to assess impact level, and their assessment outcomes were compared and analyzed. The results show that evaluation results of the four methods are different. While matter-element correlation function method and cloud model evaluation method demonstrate that influence is evenly distributed, they cannot reflect influencing degree of thermal and humid environment on samples in vertical dimensions. According to eigenvalue method, the influence is concentrated in the middle level. According to the improved matter-element extension model, influence level of 9 miners is 1 low impact, 3 relatively low impacts, 1 medium impact, 3 relatively high impacts, and 1 high impact. Thanks to this model, influencing level and key influencing factors can be directly reflected.

Flight conflict detection algorithm based on convex bounding box

JIAO Weidong, YAO Junqiang, WANG Ruidong

2021, 31(12): 32-38. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn 1003-3033.2021.12.005

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In order to reduce civil aviation safety accidents caused by flight conflicts and improve efficiency of flight conflict detection, a detection algorithm based on convex bounding box was proposed by applying 3D collision detection algorithm for flight conflict. Firstly, according to current real-time position information of aircraft fromautomatic dependent surveillance-broadcast(ADS-B) data, their next stage tracks were predicted by using an improved IMM filtering algorithm. Then, with aircraft flight protection area being regarded as convex bounding box of current operating aircraft, three-dimensional collision detection algorithm based on it was employed to determine whether the two aircraft could conflict. Finally, the proposed algorithm was utilized to detect flight conflict in different constructed conflict scenarios, and conflict resolution algorithms such as speed regulation, direction adjustment or elevation adjustment were applied to resolve detected flight conflicts. The results show that the average time of conflict detection is 19 ms, and detection results are accurate.

Study on explosion characteristics of methane under effect of pressure relief intensity and concentration gradient

CHEN Xianfeng, ZHI Xueke, LIU Lijuan, LEI Song, ZHANG Hongming, SUN Weikang

2021, 31(12): 39-44. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn 1003-3033.2021.12.006

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In order to study influence of pressure relief strength and concentration gradient on explosion characteristics of methane/air premixed gas, an experiment in a square flame propagation test pipeline system was carried out for premixed gas whose pressure relief strength was 30, 60 and 90 kPa and concentration gradient was 1%. The results show that as pressure relief intensity grows, the time for flame to pass through observation window increases gradually. And flame propagation presents a reciprocating oscillation phenomenon after rupture of pressure relief film. Due to existence of concentration gradient, measured temperature and pressure peak values inside pipes are significantly improved. When pressure relief intensity is low, vent burst pressure effects after film rupture dominates the changes in peak temperature and pressure which, however was dominated by excitation effect of concentration gradient on explosion reaction when pressure relief intensity increases.

Research on arrival procedure optimization and aircraft sequencing based on point merging

BAI Peng, CHEN Linfeng, WANG Xi, GONG Yu, JIANG Songrong, ZHOU Qiongqi

2021, 31(12): 45-52. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn 1003-3033.2021.12.007

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In order to solve aircraft delay in terminal areas, arrival procedure were optimized by using point merging technology, and a landing optimization scheduling model was established with number of aircraft conflict, average aircraft delay time, aircraft landing sequence changes and average fuel consumption as evaluation indexes. Then, based on interval standard of China's air traffic control office and real airspace data of Tianjin airport terminal area, aircraft samples were designed, their landing sequence was calculated by adopting the improved genetic algorithm. Finally, aircraft's arrival routes in Tianjin airport terminal area after using point merging were verified. The results show that with the use of this method, there will be no aircraft conflict, average delay time is reduced by 57.19% while delayed sorties are reduced by 7, and moreover, average fuel consumption is saved by 0.64%.

Study on cross terms suppression of tunnel blasting vibration signals and time of detonator delay

FU Xiaoqiang, YU Jin

2021, 31(12): 53-61. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn 1003-3033.2021.12.008

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In order to solve the difficulty in eliminating cross terms in time-frequency domain of tunnel blasting vibration signals as they tend to be influenced by test environment, MP-SPWVD combination algorithm was adopted to effectively suppress cross terms in time-frequency spectrum of micro-delay blasting vibration signals. At the same time, time-energy density method was adopted to accurately determine actual delay time of each section of detonators in tunnel initiation networks. The results show that MP-SPWVD algorithm can effectively reduce adverse effects of cross terms on signal energy amplitude and local region characteristics. Actual delay time between detonator segments can be adaptively judged by time-energy density distribution of MP reconstructed signal, which has a good application prospect. Moreover, delay discrimination accuracy of detonators is closely related to delay time.

Analysis on heat storage in tunnel surrounding rock of subway under effects of periodic ground temperature-airflow temperature

LIU Wei, ZHOU Yujun, LIANG Shufei, LIU Xiaowei, QIN Yueping

2021, 31(12): 62-68. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn 1003-3033.2021.12.009

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In order to predict heat storage capacity of shallow underground tunnels' surrounding rock, a transient heat transfer model of the rock under synergistic effects of periodic surface temperature and tunnel wind temperature was developed by adopting finite volume method. Then, a suitable factor-less quasi-discrete model was selected and a solution procedure was prepared. Distribution characteristics of dimensionless temperature field in surrounding rock at different Biot numbers and Fourier numbers were investigated, an unstable heat transfer quasi-nomogram of tunnel walls was drawn, and total heat storage for the rock in different annual cycles was assessed by checking the map. Finally, the model's was verified through case studies. The results show that dimensionless temperature within influence of double periodic temperature boundary fluctuates according to simple harmonic waves, while the overlying rock layer of the tunnel is more affected by superposition of double periodic temperature waves, whose temperature increases significantly in autumn. Moreover, as the surrounding rock generally exhibits heat storage during yearly cycle, its annual storage decreases slightly from year to year and eventually becomes stable.

Experimental and numerical simulation and study of spontaneous combustion characteristic of coal piles

QU Guona, LI Hongjian, JIA Tinggui, QIANG Qian, WANG Laigui

2021, 31(12): 69-77. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn 1003-3033.2021.12.010

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In order to study spontaneous combustion characteristics of trapezoidal coal piles, and to build a remote monitoring system of coal pile temperature, based on theories of fluid dynamics and heat and mass transfer of porous media, a multi-field coupling mathematical model for spontaneous combustion of coal piles was established by using temperature distribution function on the windward side of the stockpile, and variation situations of temperature with wind speed under conditions of different porosity of coal piles were simulated. The results show that at a certain porosity, when wind speed is low, the maximum internal temperature of the pile and that of coal 0.75 m deep increase along with that of wind speed. But for the condition of a higher wind speed, their temperature gradually decrease with the increase of wind speed. Under the same external environment, the lower the porosity is, the harder it will be to cause spontaneous combustion, but considerations should be given to conditions around coal piles.

Experiment and calculation of pressure loss of minimum flow unit in goaf

ZHANG Lianhui, CHEN Shiqiang, ZHAO Liqun, WANG Jun, LU Yi

2021, 31(12): 78-84. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn 1003-3033.2021.12.011

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In order to make the calculation of flow pressure loss in goaf simple and reasonable, a new physical model of porous media was proposed. Then, it was cut to construct a minimum flow unit according to principles of equal porosity and single-cycle flow. For the unit, hydrodynamic differential equations were used to quantify relationship between pressure loss per unit length and sphere diameter, gas density and initial velocity, and a simplified one-dimensional minimum flow unit's pressure loss calculation formula was obtained. Finally, the formula was verified on flow field test platform in a goaf, and 26 actual measurements of initial velocity and pressure loss were completed for 4 entrance sections respectively. As section wind speed increased, measured pressure loss also increased, while the ratio of measured loss to the calculated one decreased first and then stabilized. This ratio was defined as correction coefficient, and its average value was obtained. The results show that the simplified formula is derived based on the minimum flow unit, and by further correcting the formula with correction coefficient, a pseudo three-dimensional calculation formula can be obtained, thereby realizing simple calculation of gas flow pressure loss in goaf.

Blast accidents caused by gas leakage and identification of hazardous areas in united stations

XIE Weikang, CHEN Guoming, SHI Jihao, YANG Dongdong

2021, 31(12): 85-94. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn 1003-3033.2021.12.012

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In order to explore catastrophic consequences of combustion and explosion accidents caused by leakage during operation of oil and gas equipment in united stations, a consequence prediction and evaluation model of the equipment was established by computational fluid dynamics technology. Firstly, numerical simulation was carried out for different gas leakage and dispersion scenarios, and effects of various factors on dispersion behavior of gas clouds were analyzed. Then, a combustion and explosion accident model was established based on distribution of combustible gas clouds. Finally, accidental load principle was introduced to identify hazardous areas. The results show that when open space is well ventilated, combustion and explosion accident are the major one in gas leakage chain accidents. Distribution of combustible gas clouds is significantly affected by factors such as leakage rate, wind speed, and obstacles. For pool fire, as it is influenced by wind, migration phenomenon will be observed during burning process. In places with high equipment congestion, area of heat radiation damage caused by fire accidents is usually larger than that of high temperature danger areas, and heat radiation is the main damage load.

Risk analysis of oil and gas recovery process based on HAZOP-Aspen

LIU Shangzhi, LI Hongbin, ZHAO Dongfeng, LIU Qinglong, JIU Jiangbo, MOU Rui

2021, 31(12): 95-105. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn 1003-3033.2021.12.013

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In order to evaluate inherent safety of oil and gas recovery process, a safety evaluation model was constructed based on HAZOP-Aspen considering characteristics of the process, including its simplicity, wide range of operating conditions and discontinuous operating conditions. Firstly, risks of the process were analyzed and main accident types were determined by adopting HAZOP. Then, based on Aspen procedure simulation, inherent safety was evaluated by a combined use of logistics index method and quantitative risk analysis. Finally, with typical "condensation + membrane separation" method as an example, the evaluation model was applied. The results show that the higher feed oil and gas concentration is, the lower inherent safety will be. The explosion limit of oil and gas is generally in the range of 2%-10%, and as concentration of feed oil and gas decreases, that of these in process stream will be closer to upper explosion range.

Research on information highlighting of warning circuit in monitoring display interface of nuclear power plant

YU Shikang, WU Xiaoli, FENG Huihui

2021, 31(12): 106-112. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn 1003-3033.2021.12.014

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In order to improve the plant operators to monitor display the visual search performance of information, taking the warning lines in the interface as the research object, the way to highlight information as variables, experiment 1 studied the pop-up window to the lee of the warning line problem, test 2 studied nuclear power warning line highlights the different ways and warning lines show the location of the influence of different of user's visual search performance. The test results show that when the popover transparency is set to 35%, the warning information under the popover can be captured effectively. When the transparency of the pop-up window is reduced, the search performance of the information on the pop-up window will not be reduced if the information on the pop-up window is highlighted by a red frame. The warning lines in the original interface were highlighted with a single red color, and the search efficiency and accuracy of the subjects decreased significantly with the increase of the complexity of the lines. Using hierarchical lightness coding for warning lines can significantly improve visual search performance. Highlighting and optimizing warning lines in the monitoring interface of nuclear power plant can effectively improve operator visual search performance.

Calculating model of critical temperature for frost heave failure of tunnel surrounding rock in cold regions

SHU Jiajun, DENG Zhengding, HUANG Jingzhu, WU Bingni

2021, 31(12): 113-120. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn 1003-3033.2021.12.015

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In order to establish failure criterion for frost heaving of surrounding rock with defects at different scales, based on elasticity and fracture mechanics as well as frost heaving force value, the criteria for macro and micro defects were obtained, and a calculating model of critical temperature of tunnel surrounding rock with macro and micro defects in cold regions was established. Then, with Dabanshan tunnel as an example, influence of different parameters on critical temperature for frost heave failure of micropores and macro joints was analyzed. The results show that this temperature for micropore failure increases significantly with that of main hole axis diameter. However, increase in equivalent diameter of secondary pore axis has a smaller effect on the temperature, and its main function is to form a main-branch type pore structure with major pores. In terms of macro joints, its critical temperature increases with that of joint length and tunnel section radius. Moreover, it first decreases and then increases with the growth of joint inclination angle, with its peak critical value appearing at the angle of 40°.

Spatial order calibration of guiding signs in commercial complexes

JIN Lianghai, LIU Shuo, YIN Shuangping, SHAO Bo, CHEN Shu, PENG Shuang

2021, 31(12): 121-128. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn 1003-3033.2021.12.016

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In order to improve visual communication efficiency of guidance signs in commercial complexes, a spatial order calibration method for such signs was proposed. Firstly, based on consideration to their spatial node distribution and influencing factors of visual communication, a spatial order calibration model was constructed with maximizing the communication efficiency as its goal and attribute sets as constraints. Then, eye tracking technology was adopted to carry out calibration experiment for spatial order of the signs, and movement parameters such as fixation point, fixation duration and fixation times of visual communication were collected and analyzed to characterize information perception degree of visual communication receptors. Finally, numerical verification was carried out with a commercial complex as an example. The results show that spatial order will be optimal when visual communication efficiency reaches 0.968. Under this situation, there are a total of 15 spatial nodes, among which there are 10 nodes for guiding signs that are at the edge of a commercial complex and 5 directionality guiding sign nodes that are more prone to be in upper central areas.

Optimal public evacuation route under toxic gas leakage

HUI Wenying, NIU Jianzhuang, ZHU Yuan

2021, 31(12): 129-135. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn 1003-3033.2021.12.017

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In order to optimize public evacuation process under conditions of toxic gas leakage, based on Gauss plume model of gas dispersion, a function for optimal evacuation route was established with smallest dose of inhaled toxic gas for public as the objective. Then, the function was solved by variational method with moving boundaries so as to obtain optimal evacuation route. Then analysis on inhaled dose of toxic gas by the public and range analysis under different influencing factors were conducted, and death zone due to public evacuation without protection was calculated. The results show under conditions of toxic gas leakage, directions of optimal evacuation routes are consistent with side wind of ambient wind, rather than along headwind direction. It is recommended that the public evacuate towards the direction that is perpendicular to wind direction. Those near to and at a distance from the leak source face the greatest danger during evacuation. The biggest factor that causes gas poisoning during evacuation is leakage rate, followed by atmospheric stability, and impact of average evacuation speed can be negligible, so it is not recommended to evacuate blindly without protection. The suggestion is that in areas with a high probability of death, the public should be sheltered in place, while those outside areas with a low probability of death could be evacuated.

Research on temporal and spatial evolution of road safety in China

LI Jie, ZENG Xufeng, SUN Ling, LIU Wei, LI Ping

2021, 31(12): 136-143. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2021.12.018

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In order to study temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of China's road safety level and provide a basis for regional transportation planning, based on panel data of 31 provinces and autonomous regions in China from 2001 to 2018, principal component analysis method was used to calculate road safety level of each region, which was then visualized by employing ArcGIS software. Then, spatial correlation analysis was conducted on the whole and local regions by ESDA. The results show that the total number of traffic accidents in China has declined in 2001-2018, and the global agglomeration of national road traffic safety level has transformed from significant agglomeration in 2005 to the randomness in 2018. In 2005, Jilin and Sichuan were significant high-high areas, while Tibet was a significant low-high area, and Zhejiang and Guangdong were significant low-low areas. In 2010, Shandong and Henan became significant areas of high-high types, Shanxi was that of low-high types, and Guangdong became low-low area. In 2015, Sichuan, Shanxi, and Liaoning were marked areas of high-high types, but Guangdong were marked areas of low-low types. In 2018, Jiangsu was a significant high-high area, and Guangdong and Hunan were significant high-low ones.

Research prospects and hotspot comparison for emergency logistics in China and foreign countries

JI Xiaofeng, YANG Chunli, HAO Jingjing, QIN Wenwen

2021, 31(12): 144-152. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn 1003-3033.2021.12.019

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In order to get an access to research status and developing trend of emergency logistics under influence of major emergencies, 992 related papers from CNKI and Web of Science databases for nearly 23 years (1997-2020) were used as samples, method of bibliometric analysis was utilized to analyze comparatively development context and characteristics of emergency logistics in China and overseas. The results show that research on this area has experienced a periodic change in three stages: infancy stage (before 2003), rising stage (2003-2013) and steady development stage (2014-2020). Construction of optimized model for emergency logistics in a specific situation is a research hotspot at home and abroad. Natural disaster events, with earthquake as a major one, are the main research objects. And more importantly, the model can be divided into three categories: routing optimization model, facility location model and location-routing combination model according to research differences. Uncertainty is a key influential factor that affects modeling precision, which is also a problem for emergency logistics optimization.

Construction and application of management system of urban emergency shelters

WANG Haibiao, CHEN Haichao, LI Rui, YU He, ZHAO Tianyi

2021, 31(12): 153-159. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn 1003-3033.2021.12.020

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In order to develop a more scientific management system of urban emergency shelters, ArcGIS was used to collect quantitative data of 36 shelters in Chengdu according to 7 indicators such as effective area. Then, ward method was applied to cluster them systematically, and 3 types of them were showed to be suitable according to results. Finally, characteristics and differences of these 3 types were analyzed, and dimensions of indexes were reduced by using principal component method so as to draw a characteristic scatter plot of these shelters. The results show that these 3 types of emergency shelters play a role of hub, core and supplement in urban earthquake disaster reduction, and they constitute an olive-shaped urban emergency shelter system.In order to apply this system, nonlinear classification model is obtained by BP neural network algorithm. The training set loss function converges after about 800 iterations, and classification accuracy of both training set and test set can reach as high as 100%.

Design and implementation of VR training system for firefighting and rescue emergency command in petrochemical bases

DENG Peng, YUAN Diping, JIN Xuesheng, XIAO Yiqing

2021, 31(12): 160-166. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn 1003-3033.2021.12.021

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In order to improve command ability of fire rescue team commanders to deal with fire in petrochemical bases, a distributed role-playing training system for firefighting and rescue command based on virtual disaster scene was proposed. Firstly, its framework and training mode were discussed from a perspective of system development, and a highly immersive accident scenario was constructed. Then, function modules of a simulation training system was designed, including map supporting, training organization, dispatching, command training and assessment. Finally, implementation of the system was discussed, and functions of map supporting module and assessment module were analyzed. The results show that the system can provide a training platform close to actual situation for fire rescue team, and enrich their training means for fire fighting and rescue operations in petrochemical base accidents.

Dynamic evaluation of consequences of toxic gas dispersion in fire of crowded places

WANG Jiyun, ZONG Ruowen, LU Shouxiang

2021, 31(12): 167-175. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn 1003-3033.2021.12.022

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In order to quantitatively evaluate consequences of fire accidents in crowed places, dorm building was selected as a typical fire scenario, PyroSim software was used to obtain spatial-temporal distribution of toxic gases' concentration, and Pathfinder software was utilized to obtain such distribution of occupants' locations. Then, based on results output by the two software, data query algorithm written by Matlab code was adopted to obtain exposure concentration of occupants during evacuation, and average inhalation dose was calculated as an index to evaluate consequences of different fire scenarios. The results show that the consequence is the worst when fire occurs on the first floor. Opening two evacuation exits will greatly reduce impacts of fire accidents. As detection time decreases, average absorbed dose basically decreases linearly. When fire source is close to staircase, drop in detection time plays a greater role in reducing consequences.

Evaluation on emergency response vulnerability for work safety accidents in small and micro enterprises

YANG Tianzi, WANG Tieli, PENG Hengming, DUAN Hailin

2021, 31(12): 176-183. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn 1003-3033.2021.12.023

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In order to accurately identify main factors affecting emergency response for work safety accidents in small and micro enterprises, and improve response capabilities, firstly, a vulnerability evaluation system for safety accidents' emergency response in such enterprises was established from a perspective of vulnerability. Secondly, Z-numbers was introduced to construct an vulnerability evaluation model which considered both subjective weight of AHP and objective weight of PCA. Then, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was improved by using Z-numbers, and vulnerability level was determined. Finally, model verification was conducted with a small and micro enterprise as an example. The results show that its emergency vulnerability index for safety accidents is 1.756, rated as "relatively vulnerable". Among the four sub-systems, score of "environmental vulnerability" system is relatively low, which should be the priority for current prevention.

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