China Safety Science Journal

Construction of intelligent system security analysis system under view of negative systematics in 5G era

NIU Lixia, LI Xiaomeng, WANG Hongmei

2024, 34(8): 1-10. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.0226

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In order to explore the negativity and universality of security incidents, a reverse thinking paradigm based on Negative Systems Theory in safety science was first applied in conjunction with the Ecosystem Theory from systems science. This approach identified the characteristics of intelligent systems—openness, inclusivity, interactive coupling, and dynamic balance—and clarified the logical framework for intelligent system security analysis. Subsequently, the sources of security incident hazards were identified from the perspective of negative systems theory, and the mechanisms behind security incidents were explained. The concept of cohesive coupling was introduced, and an s-shaped framework model was proposed to analyze the stability of subsystems within intelligent systems and investigate their underlying technological support. Finally, using the concepts of producers, transmitters, consumers, and decomposers, the dynamic balance of information flow throughout the entire process in intelligent systems was analyzed, collectively shaping the security analysis framework under the negative systems theory perspective. The results indicated that the security analysis framework established under the negative systems theory perspective could effectively analyze the secure and stable operation as well as the dynamic balance of information flow throughout intelligent systems, ensuring the comprehensiveness and reliability of intelligent system security analysis.

Influence of personality traits on inattentional blindness and failure of safety risk perception:evidence from an eye-movement experiment

LI Naiwen, CUI Linlin

2024, 34(8): 11-17. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.0994

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Inattentional blindness is a human error related to selective attention or inattention. In order to reduce safety accidents caused by inattentional blindness in high-altitude work among construction workers, 30 participants were selected for an experiment to analyze the importance of inattentional blindness in the failure of safety risk perception, as well as the personality trait-related factors that affect inattentional blindness and the failure of safety risk perception, and to establish practical safety management strategies. The results show that inattentional blindness accounts for 50% of the failure of safety risk perception. In addition, personality traits have a significant relationship with inattentional blindness and failure of safety risk perception, with extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness significantly correlated with inattentional blindness and failure of safety risk perception. Workers with low extraversion, high conscientiousness, and low openness have lower proportions of safety risk perception failure and inattentional blindness.

Real-time risk assessment for maritime autonomous surface ships based on STPA and FTPN

XI Yongtao, LIU Pengjie, HU Shenping, HAN Bing

2024, 34(8): 18-26. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1290

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In order to monitor the risk during the navigation of MASS, the safety control structure of MASS was constructed based on System-theoretic Accident Model and Process (STAMP). STPA was used to define the losses/accidents and system-level hazards, identify unsafe control actions, analyze loss scenarios, and construct an accident model for system state transition. FTPN was used to model the process model, and a given MASS navigation situation was used to obtain the relevant fuzzy time functions and to project the situational evolution of FTPN. A new risk level expression was introduced, and a two-dimensional path diagram of system loss/accident was used to visualize the real-time system risk level and system unsafe states transition paths. The results show that at the current moment of the set navigation situation, no safe water depth input, no updated collision avoidance path, unsafe heading and speed, and grounding are the highest risk system unsafe states and correspond to the four highest risk transition paths. The study shows that the FTPN process model driven by STPA can comprehensively assess the real-time risk level of MASS navigation. Visualize real-time risk with a two-dimensional path diagram of real-time losses/accidents of the system, which can monitor the unsafe system states during MASS navigation and describe their transition paths.

Risk zoo (VII): risk classification system, evolution mechanism, and management strategies of grey rhino

TONG Ruipeng, WANG Qian, ZHANG Xiaolei, ZHAO Jingrong

2024, 34(8): 27-34. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1704

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The properties and risk characteristics of grey rhinos have been deeply investigated and used, which are new emerging concepts and metaphor theories in risk management areas. To prevent and mitigate risks and challenges nowadays, it is urgent to systematically investigate the grey rhino-related contexts. The risk classification system, evolutionary mechanism, and management strategies of grey rhinos were explored by integrating existing theoretical models and risk classification approaches. The results indicated that the grey rhino risk was attributed to objective environmental factors and subjective cognitive factors. Moreover, the grey rhino risk can be divided into hidden, stationary, and collisional gray rhinos based on properties, cognitive, state, time, spatial, and subject perspectives. The risk development trend of each grey rhino species was evaluated based on the mechanism of risk perception, risk distance, and risk framework influence factors. Furthermore, an evolutionary framework of "accumulation-fluctuation-mutation" within a complicated system was proposed to develop risk management strategies and improve cognitive abilities by identifying hidden gray rhinoceroses that were not easily perceived. The innovative idea is strengthened to resolve static grey rhinos of normalized coexistence, and agile mode is created to deal with sudden bursts of collision gray rhinos.

Refined evaluation model for pilot's individual exceedance risk based on QAR data

WANG Lei, AN Jianing, ZHAO Xinbin, YU Liling

2024, 34(8): 35-42. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1824

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In order to achieve a quantitative evaluation of individual pilot's exceedance risk, a refined evaluation model for pilot's individual exceedance risk was established based on QAR data and the flight operations quality assurance(FOQA) monitoring items. Firstly, according to accident statistics, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the core risks divided by the FOQA station, the FOQA monitoring items associated with the three types of core risks were selected as the evaluation indexes, and the risk value for each core risk of the individual pilots was calculated. In the next step, the weight of each core risk value was calculated by entropy weighted TOPSIS. Then, the refined evaluation model for the pilot's individual exceedance risk was established. Finally, the model was applied to the quantitative evaluation of actual flight risk. By collecting 9 317 pieces of multi-source fusion data from the FOQA station of Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC), the individual exceedance risk of the pilots were quantified, the ranking of individual pilots' exceedance risk was obtained, and the pilot's individual exceedance risk levels were also divided with the use of K-means clustering algorithm. The results show that the model can quantify and rank 1 693 individual pilots' exceedance risk, and divide the pilot's exceedance risk into three types, including high risk, medium risk and low risk.

Effects of emotion on safety behavior decision-making of low sensation seekers: evidence from ERPs

ZHANG Shu, YANG Qiyu, YU Xinrou, WANG Shuang, SHI Xiuzhi

2024, 34(8): 43-52. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1213

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To investigate the effects of different incidental emotions on low sensation seekers' unsafe behavior decision-making process from a neural level, ERPs technique was used. The Chinese version of the Sensation Seeking Questionnaire for College Students was used to select low and medium sensation seekers (control group). Then, video clips were used as emotional stimulus materials to induce positive and negative emotions before the experiment, and a risk scenario task was set to perform risk decision-making experiments. The results indicated that when the emotional stimulus variable was not considered, there was no significant difference in safe behavior decision-making between the low sensation-seeking and the control groups. Under positive emotion, low sensation seekers maintained risk aversion. However, low sensation seekers were more likely to make unsafe behavior decisions regarding behavioral performance under negative emotion. Under negative emotion, the latency of LPP induced by low sensation seekers was delayed, indicating that the interference of negative emotion made it more difficult for individuals to classify and evaluate risks. Therefore, the intrinsic reasons for their external behavioral performance can be explained from a neural level. Therefore, emotions play a moderating role in the process of sensation seeking affecting safe behavior decision-making.

Risk assessment of low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle operation based on fuzzy Bayesian network

GENG Zengxian, CHEN Junyu

2024, 34(8): 53-60. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1295

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To solve the current safety risk issues of UAV operations in low-altitude urban environments, a FBN was used to identify and analyze the key risk factors of low-altitude UAV operations. Firstly, risk factors were analyzed from the perspective of human-machine-environment-management based on operation process of low-altitude UAVs. GeNIe software was used to develop a Bayesian network(BN) for risk assessment of low-altitude UAV operations, and the prior probabilities of the underlying events were analyzed using expert prior knowledge and fuzzy sets. Finally, univariate, bivariate, and sensitivity analyses were performed, and the network feasibility was validated. The results indicated that the key risk factors for low-altitude UAV operation were UAV battery failure, environmental obstacles on the operation route, and UAV operation supervision technology. FBN reverse inference showed that environment-related risk (79%) and UAV equipment risk (60%) were the main risk factors in the UAV operation process.

Safety risk dynamic assessment in university laboratories based on safety control structure model

WANG Hongli, YANG Xingang

2024, 34(8): 61-68. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1867

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To effectively evaluate the safety risk status and optimize safety management strategies in university laboratories, a dynamic safety assessment method was proposed based on a multi-layered safety control structure model. Firstly, a multi-layer safety control structure model was developed to identify the causal factors and control deficiencies of fire and explosion accidents in the university laboratory. Then, a safety dynamic feedback evaluation method was developed integrating an accident model based on system theory and Bayesian networks. Finally, the proposed evaluation model was used to determine the risk probability, analyze risk factors affecting safety incidents, and identify key risk factors in university laboratory safety. The results indicated that the proposed evaluation method based on the safety control structure model covered all risks identified by traditional methods and identified potential risks. Furthermore, the incorrect operation of hazardous chemicals, violation of operation procedures during the experiment, and the aging, short circuits, or defects in electrical lines were key risk factors affecting laboratory safety risks of universities.

Shield attitude prediction and optimization based on CatBoost-NSGA-III algorithm

WU Xianguo, LIU Jun, CAO Yuan, LEI Yu, LI Shifan, QIN Yawei

2024, 34(8): 69-77. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1360

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To solve the problems such as forward tilt deformation, serpentine shape, axis deviation and correction during shield tunneling, which affected the safety and efficiency of shield construction, a multi-objective optimization method of shield attitude combining CatBoost and NSGA-Ⅲ was proposed. Taking Guiyang Metro as the background, 22 influencing factors were selected as input parameters, and the nonlinear mapping function relationship between input parameters and shield attitude was established by using CatBoost algorithm. The importance of input parameters was evaluated by random forest (RF) algorithm. A CatBoost-NSGA-Ⅲ multi-objective optimization model was established to minimize the absolute value of the shield attitude, and the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed method were verified by a case study. The results show that the prediction model obtained by using CatBoost algorithm to train engineering measured data has high accuracy, and the R² range of 5 shield attitude targets is 0.916-0.943. By using the CatBoost-NSGA-Ⅲ multi-objective optimization method, the attitude of the shield can be optimized significantly, and the average value of the overall improvement is 53.34%.

Study on inhibition effect of ellagic acid on oxidation spontaneous combustion of long-flame coal in Xiashijie

XIAO Yang, NAN Shihua, YIN Lan, LI Qingwei, WANG Zhenping

2024, 34(8): 78-85. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1764

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In order to investigate the effect of EA on the process of coal oxidation spontaneous combustion, EA was uniformly mixed with long-flame coal in Xiashijie at the mass ratios of 2%,4%,6%,8% and 10% to experiment. The contents of active functional groups and the variation characteristics of thermal transport characteristics of each sample were studied using the microscopic infrared spectroscopy test and laser thermal conductivity test. The optimal mass ratio was determined to be 8% through the evaluation of the inhibitory effect of coal oxidation spontaneous combustion. The coal spontaneous combustion temperature-programmed test was used to compare the influence of four inhibitors on the gas release of coal oxidation spontaneous combustion, and the degree of inhibition of EA on coal oxidation spontaneous combustion was further determined. The results showed that the peak areas of -CH₃, -CH₂, -OH and -C=O- in EA-tc are reduced, but the peak area of C-O is increased compared with RC. At the same coal temperature, the thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of the RC are higher than those of EA-tc, and its specific heat is lower than those of EA-tc. The average inhibition rates of thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of 8% EA on low-temperature oxidation process of coal samples are 20.8%, 9.8% and 13.1%, respectively. Compared with RC, CO release amount of 8% EA-tc is reduced by 52.3% at 170 ℃, and the resistance rate of EA on coal oxidation spontaneous combustion is maintained at 50.5% to 72.5% at 30 to 170 ℃. The inhibitory effect of EA on coal oxidation spontaneous combustion is better than that of the other three inhibitors.

Coal mine safety investment decision model based on combination empowerment and SPA-TOPSIS

JIANG Fuchuan, YANG Hao, WANG Hao, JIN Fengchun, AN Zewen

2024, 34(8): 86-92. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1755

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In order to solve the unreasonable problem of coal mine safety investment structure and decision scheme, the safety investment evaluation system was established to comprehensively evaluate the decision scheme of a coal mine over the years. Firstly, based on the perspective of safety value, considering the relationship between safety function and safety output, eight evaluation indexes were selected to construct the safety investment evaluation system of coal enterprises. Secondly, entropy weight method and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) were used to determine the index weight comprehensively. Finally, the SPA-TOPSIS method was used to analyze and evaluate the 2012-2022 decision scheme of a coal mine, and the evaluation scheme was optimized and the improvement suggestions for practical problems were proposed. The results show that the coal mine enterprises should pay more attention to the investment in safety education and industrial health indicators. Coal mine enterprises should comprehensively consider the safety function needs and safety output benefits when making safety investment decisions and reasonably adjust the focus of future safety investment decision by referring to the optimal investment allocation.

Method and experiment of forklift stability warning based on Multi-Core parallel digital twin

MA Shuhuan, NING Zhiqiang, WEI Lixin

2024, 34(8): 93-100. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.0394

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In order to improve the safety and intelligence level of forklift truck, a forklift stability warning method based on multi-core parallel digital twin is proposed. First, the open-source high-precision inertial navigation sensor is used to evaluate the driver's operating habits and road smoothness, and then drive the digital twin operation. Secondly, the optimization algorithm is used to calculate the limit operating parameters that meet the stability conditions, such as the highest load and the fastest driving speed. Then, two acceleration strategies are proposed, which use the open source C language compiled solver and multi-core Central Processing Unit (CPU) in parallel, to shorten the optimization iteration time. Finally, taking a forklift truck as the test object, the accuracy of the measurement of the flight control system is verified, and the real-time performance of the digital twin stability early warning method is analyzed. The results show that the flight control system has high monitoring accuracy, the theoretical calculated values are basically consistent with the collected values, and the longitude and latitude deviation of global positioning system (GPS) is about 1 m. The digital twin program has a faster prediction speed. The digital twin compiled by the open source C language is 3 times faster than the Simulation X3.8 platform, and the parallel digital twin method is 20 times more efficient than the simulation platform.

Equipment failure risk assessment model of wastewater treatment plant based on improved FMEA

LIU Xin, WU Junnan, PAN Dianqi, ZHANG Yichen, ZHANG Jiquan, KE Kai

2024, 34(8): 101-107. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1513

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In order to ensure the normal operation of wastewater treatment plants and prevent equipment failures, an improved FMEA risk assessment model was proposed. Firstly, the FMEA method was used to identify the failure modes of wastewater treatment plant equipment, and it was combined with PFS to portray the uncertainty assessment information. Secondly, the subjective and objective weights were calculated using the stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA) method and the maximum deviation method, and the comprehensive weights of the three risk factors were calculated through the game theory combination weights. Thirdly, the multi-objective optimization on basis of ratio analysis (MOORA) method was used for the equipment failure mode risk ranking. Finally, taking Changchun City Z wastewater treatment plant equipment failure risk assessment as an example, the model proposed in this paper was compared with traditional FMEA, Pythagorean fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (PF-TOPSIS), and Pythagorean fuzzy VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (PF-VIKOR), and the feasibility and effectiveness of the model were verified. The results show that the top 3 failure modes of wastewater plant equipment are that the grit extracted by the grit remover contains excessive organic matter, the diaphragm is dislodged or broken, and large foreign objects enter the pump.

Experimental study on spalling failure of deep hard rock tunnels with different lithology and cross-section shapes

LI Xiang, MIAO Sen, YANG Bo

2024, 34(8): 108-119. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.0597

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To explore the influence of the lithology and cross-section shape on spalling failure properties of deep hard rock tunnels, indoor true triaxial tests on spalling failure were performed. Firstly, two types of rock samples (marble and granite) and two typical cross-section shapes (high side wall gate arch shape and horseshoe shape) samples in practical applications were selected. Then, the failure characteristics under the influence of different lithology and cross-section shapes were analyzed from the three aspects including spalling failure mode, spalling rock plate characteristics, and the characteristic stress during spalling. Finally, numerical simulation was conducted to explore the corresponding displacement and stress distribution characteristics during the development and propagation of the cracks. Furthermore, the spalling failure characteristics of deep hard rock tunnels were investigated. The results indicated that the slab peeling and opening failure phenomenon for the marble sample was more significant than the granite one in terms of spalling failure mode during the test process. Moreover, the cross-sectional contour range involved in spalling failure for the horseshoe shape sample was smaller than the high-side wall gate arch shape. Different lithologies presented different flaked rock slab shapes for different flaked rock slab characteristics. Compared with the high-side wall gate shape, the flaked rock slabs near the outer layer relevant to the curved wall arch sample were more slender. For the characteristic stress during spalling, the granite sample had a larger threshold at the beginning of the spalling and a faster rate for the evolution process of the spalling failure compared with the marble one. Furthermore, compared with the horseshoe shape sample, the characteristic stresses of the high-side wall gate arch sample were higher from the beginning of plate cracking to the occurrence of obvious plate cracking failure. The area with large displacement in the numerical simulation was mainly observed on the side wall of the hole. The farther away from the side wall, the smaller the displacement. Moreover, the major reason the spalling occurs can be attributed to the tangential stress concentration.

Study on effect of shape factor on dispersion characteristics of aluminum powder inside 20 L sphere

GUAN Wenling, JIN Meihua, DONG Chengjie

2024, 34(8): 120-127. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.0712

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The aim of this study is to investigate the dispersion of aluminium powders with different SF in a 20 L spherical container. By establishing a numerical model describing the formation of a two-phase dispersion system of dust carried by a gas stream, including the equations of the gas flow and the trajectory of the dust particles, unsteady numerical simulations were carried out. The spatial distribution of dust, the turbulent kinetic energy and velocity at the center of the spherical chamber with time changes were analyzed under the conditions of SF of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0, respectively. The results show that the dispersion of airflow-carried dust inside the ball chamber can be divided into four stages, including powder intake, diffusion, stabilization and settling, and the dispersion uniformity and maximum velocity values are enhanced with the increase of SF. The bigger SF is, the closer the particle shape is to spherical, and the better the dispersion of aluminum dust is. The smaller SF is, the easier the dust will accumulate near the wall surface. When the nominal concentration is certain, SF ≤ 0.4, the peak concentration increases with the increase of SF, SF > 0.4, the peak concentration decreases with the increase of SF. The maximum value of the turbulent kinetic energy of the aluminum powder-air mixture decreases with increasing values of SF, the peak velocity of the aluminum powder particles increases with increasing values of SF.

Prediction model of coal spontaneous combustion based on SSA-RBF neural network

GAO Fei, LIANG Ning, JIA Zhe, HOU Qing

2024, 34(8): 128-137. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1567

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To solve the problems of single prediction state and insufficient prediction accuracy of the traditional coal spontaneous combustion prediction model, a prediction model based on RBF neural network optimized by SSA was proposed. Firstly, the temperature programmed test was used to analyze the variation characteristics of the index gas of coal samples with temperature. The coal spontaneous combustion process was divided into slow oxidation stage (80≤t_i<120 ℃), accelerated oxidation stage (120≤t_i<160 ℃) and intense oxidation stage (t_i≥160 ℃) with coal temperature as the node. At the same time, the grey correlation degree between the index gas and coal temperature in each stage of coal spontaneous combustion was analyzed. Secondly, the performance of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) and SSA algorithm was tested by different dimension test functions. Finally, the superiority of the RBF neural network optimized by SSA algorithm to the coal spontaneous combustion prediction model was verified by using six mining area data. The results show that the grey correlation coefficients of CO/ΔO₂, CO and C₂H₄ with coal temperature are the largest in the slow oxidation stage. The grey correlation coefficient between C₂H₄/C₂H₆, CO/ΔO₂, CO₂/CO and coal temperature is the largest in the accelerated oxidation stage. The test results of three different dimensional functions show that SSA has better global search ability, stability and faster convergence speed compared with PSO and GWO. When the number of neurons is 5 and the number of iterations is 300, the prediction accuracy of the SSA-RBF neural network prediction model for the slow and accelerated oxidation stages reaches 99% and 93% respectively.

Investigation on inhibition characteristics of bicarbonate on hybrid explosion of ethylene/polyethylene mixture

JI Wentao, XU Zihui, MAO Wenzhe, YANG Shuaishuai, ZHANG Guotao, WANG Yan

2024, 34(8): 138-146. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1669

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In order to prevent and control the explosion hazards of ethylene/polyethylene hybrid mixture, bicarbonate was selected as the explosion suppression powder, and the explosion suppression experiment was carried out in a 20 L spherical explosion device to explore the explosion inhibition effect and mechanism of different bicarbonate on ethylene/polyethylene hybrid mixture. The differences of explosion inhibition performance of different bicarbonate on the hybrid mixture were discussed. The results show that the hybrid mixture is more difficult to inhibit than the single-phase polyethylene. With the increase of ethylene concentration, the explosion inhibition of the hybrid mixture becomes more difficult. The bicarbonate has an inhibitory effect on the ethylene/polyethylene hybrid mixture with different concentrations, and the inhibition efficiency is affected by the concentration of ethylene and bicarbonate. Bicarbonate can inhibit the ethylene/polyethylene hybrid explosion through physicochemical reaction during the polyethylene explosion. The decomposition and endothermic properties of potassium bicarbonate and its retardation effect on polyethylene pyrolysis are better than those of sodium bicarbonate, so the inhibition effect of potassium bicarbonate on the explosion of ethylene/polyethylene hybrid mixture is better than that of sodium bicarbonate.

Evolution characteristics of spontaneous combustion hazard zone in layered mining of extra thick coal seams

ZHANG Meichang, QI Yun, WANG Wei, LIANG Ran, LIU Rongzheng, BAI Chenhao

2024, 34(8): 147-154. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.0165

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In order to more effectively and accurately judge the gas concentration field, temperature field, and flow field distribution in the goaf during the mining of extra thick coal seams, and thereby determine the self-ignition risk area for layered mining of extra thick coal seams, taking the 172307 working face of Lingquan mine as an example, numerical simulation technology was used to establish a mathematical model of coal spontaneous combustion in the goaf for layered mining of extra thick coal seams based on the coupling mechanism of multiple fields in the goaf. Combined with the distribution models of coal oxygen consumption rate, heat release intensity, critical oxygen concentration for spontaneous combustion, porosity and permeability, the evolution law of the spontaneous combustion risk zone for layered mining of extra thick coal seams in a stable state was obtained through the simultaneous solution. The results show that in the upper layered goaf, the high oxygen concentration area and the high-temperature area are mainly located near the stop mining line and in the upper part of the intake and return air tunnels, and the main air leakage area is located at the stop mining line. In the composite goaf, the high oxygen concentration area is mainly located on the inlet and return air sides. As it moves towards the deeper part of the goaf, the oxygen concentration shows a decreasing trend. And a local high-temperature zone resembling an ellipse appears at a certain distance from the coal mining face.

Study on non-uniform mixed explosion characteristics of hydrogen energy vehicle leakage in tunnel

CHEN Jiayan, YANG Juntao, HE Qize

2024, 34(8): 155-161. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1894

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In order to solve the problem of insufficient research on the non-uniform mixed explosion characteristics of hydrogen leakage in the tunnel, the numerical simulation software Fluent was used to establish a tunnel model with the length, width and height of 60, 6.46 and 5.5 m, respectively. The non-uniform mixed explosion characteristics of hydrogen at the ignition time of 75 and 100 s and at ignition positions above and behind the vehicle were studied. The results show that the hydrogen leakage volume fraction field is not uniformly distributed in the tunnel scenario. After the explosion, the pressure wave reflects from the tunnel wall and propagates to the exit at both ends of the tunnel. In the process, the intensity of the pressure wave decreases continuously. The propagation characteristics of the blast wave formed by different ignition positions are obviously different. The influence of the explosion location on explosion overpressure is greater than hydrogen volume fraction. At the same time, the overpressure of ignition behind the vehicle is generally greater than that of ignition above the vehicle. The peak pressure at the position 2 m behind the vehicle can reach about 100 kPa. The rear ignition position within 2 m will cause serious injury or even death to the human body, and personnel within 4 m of the rear ignition position will suffer different degrees of injury.

Characteristics of high temperature environment on coal pore structure and oxidation dynamics of Barapukuria coal mine in Bangladesh

MA Dong, XIE Qingdian, ZHAO Zhiqiang, LIU Fang, ZHOU Qigeng

2024, 34(8): 162-169. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.0061

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In order to prevent coal spontaneous combustion disasters under high-temperature environment and clarify the spontaneous combustion characteristics, coal samples from the 1306 working face of the VI coal seam in Barapukuria coal mine were selected. The coal samples were subjected to constant temperature treatment at 40, 50, and 60 ℃ for 30 days, and pore structure analysis and thermogravimetry(TG) were performed on the raw coal samples and high-temperature pretreated coal samples to test the oxidation kinetic parameters. The results show that after high-temperature treatment, the proportion of small pores decreases while the proportion of medium pores and large pores increases. After treatment at 60 ℃, the specific surface area of the coal sample increases from 2.351 m²/g of raw coal to 3.285 m²/g, and the total pore volume increases from 0.007 88 mL/g of raw coal to 0.010 01 mL/g. In addition, compared with raw coal, the ignition temperature and burnout temperature of the coal sample significantly decreased after high-temperature treatment, and the maximum weight loss and the maximum weight loss rate increased by 6.1% and 23.3%, respectively. The calculation results of oxidation kinetics show that the activation energy and pre-exponential factor of the coal sample after high-temperature treatment are lower than those of the raw coal, indicating that the high-temperature environment significantly improves the oxidation reaction activity and increases the risk of spontaneous combustion of coal.

Structural health monitoring and damage alarming for existing masonry buildings

ZHENG Liang, TAN Lei, YANG Xiaohui, LI Yuhang, DENG Yang

2024, 34(8): 170-177. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1561

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In order to guarantee the structural safety of masonry structures in existing buildings and prolong their lifespan, a SHM system and the mean value control charts were employed to investigate the condition evaluation and early alarming mechanism of these structures. The monitoring items for this structure were chosen to be the load-bearing wall cracks and the relative displacement of window sills. The data about structural reaction and ambient temperature was collected, and a correlation model between these two factors was built. Additionally, the correlation model was employed to replicate the temperature impact of the data collected from monitoring the structural response. Ultimately, the structural condition index was suggested and integrated with the mean value control chart to assess the early detection of potential issues in the structure. The structural condition index represented the disparity between the simulated outcomes of the correlation model and the real measured values. The findings demonstrate that the system has the capability to gather real-time monitoring data, accurately assess structural health, and promptly alert about structural damage. The monitoring data indicate that the crack width varies between 0.746 and 4.391 mm, while the sill relative displacement spans from 1.282 to 5.690 mm. Both of these variations are within the acceptable safety limit. From the findings of the mean value control chart in the early alarming system, the fracture width and relative displacement of the window sill are within normal parameters.

ChatSOS: large language model-based knowledge Q&A system for safety engineering

TANG Haiyang, LIU Zhenyi, CHEN Dongping, CHU Qingzhao

2024, 34(8): 178-185. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1901

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To address the limitations of large language models in safety engineering, such as the corpus size, input processing capabilities and privacy concerns, ChatSOS, a Q&A system based on large language models, was developed. Based on 117 explosion incident reports from 2013 to 2023, a vector database to enhance the system's capability was constructed. ChatSOS integrated prompt engineering and external knowledge base to retrieve and analyze relevant data from the database. Compared to ChatGPT, ChatSOS integrated the external knowledge base, so that the big language model could retrieve the relevant corpus from the database according to the user's input information and make in-depth analysis. The results show that ChatSOS excels in in-depth professional problem analysis, autonomous task allocation, and providing detailed summaries and recommendations based on incident reports. By combining with the external knowledge database, the limitations of the large language model's professional corpus in safety engineering are overcome, which prevents performance degradation associated with fine-tuning on new datasets, broadens the application of large language models in this field, and paves the way for future advancements in automation and intelligent systems.

Preparation and properties of CuCl-CeO₂ composite CO scavenger

YU Yong, ZHANG Leilin

2024, 34(8): 186-194. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1592

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In order to avoid the accident of CO poisoning in coal mines, according to the principle of adsorption catalysis, CuCl-CeO₂, a composite CO scavenger with both adsorption and catalytic properties, was prepared by thermal dispersion method using rare earth oxide CeO₂ as catalyst carrier and CuCl as adsorbent. The CO elimination performance of CuCl, CeO₂ and CuCl-CeO₂ was studied by cone calorimeter. At the same time, the peak pressure of gas explosion and the CO elimination effect of CuCl-CeO₂ were studied by a 20 L explosion ball-gas chromatography system. The results show that the CuCl-CeO₂ composite scavenger can effectively reduce the release rate of CO during the whole heating process, and its elimination performance is better than that of CuCl or CeO₂ alone. When the mass fraction of CuCl is 50 %, the CO elimination rate of CuCl-CeO₂ is the highest, reaching 88.0 %. With the increase of CuCl-CeO₂ mass concentration, the peak pressure of gas explosion gradually decreases, the time to reach the peak pressure of explosion is significantly delayed, and the amount of CO released is also decreasing. When the mass concentration of CuCl-CeO₂ is 1.00 g/L, the effect of explosion suppression and CO elimination is the best. The peak pressure of gas explosion is reduced from 0.508 MPa to 0.387 MPa, the time to reach the peak pressure of explosion is delayed from 237.6 ms to 483.2 ms, and the volume fraction of CO is reduced from 0.879 7% to 0.108 9%, which effectively reduces the peak pressure of gas explosion and CO release.

Redundancy analysis of road traffic network considering path characteristics

LU Qingchang, LI Jianyu, CUI Xin, WANG Zhangxin, LI Xiaoling

2024, 34(8): 195-203. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1501

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In order to explore the influence of road section characteristics on path redundancy and the redundancy ability of road traffic networks under emergencies, based on the traditional method of path redundancy quantity in road networks, considering the efficiency difference and overlap degree between effective paths, a redundancy evaluation model based on path diversity and redundancy ability under emergencies was constructed. The influence of different costs on path diversity and the influence of emergencies on redundancy ability were analyzed, and the sensitivity analysis of redundancy ability was carried out. The results show that the path diversity in the road traffic network depends on the type of travel path cost and the difference between the travel cost of the road section. The closer the travel cost of the road section is, the higher the number of effective paths is, and the higher the path diversity is. In the emergency scenario, the redundancy of the road network depends on the importance of the failed road section. The more important the failed road section is, the lower the network redundancy is. The increase of travel cost tolerance within a certain range helps to improve the redundancy capacity of the road network during emergencies. Too high or too low travel cost tolerance will not significantly improve the redundancy capacity of the network.

Review of research on escape lighting of disaster scene based on bibliometric analysis

DU Yongliang, YAN Yonghong

2024, 34(8): 204-213. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1245

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In order to understand the research status and development trends of evacuation lighting in disaster scenarios, based on Citespace and literature visualization tools, 408 articles as samples up to July 2023 were selected from the core journal database of China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science (WOS), and analyzed from the aspects of publication year, journal source, author organization, topic clustering and keywords. Results show that this topic has appeared a rapid upward trend in English literature in the past 10 years. Most of the researchers are from the United States and China. There has been no significant growth in Chinese literature during the same period. The research in China focuses on building fire evacuation, and some nighttime disaster-appropriate lighting. English focuses on a variety of disaster scenarios, which tends to extend from indoor evacuation lighting to outdoor evacuation lighting. The research method is mainly technical application and problem induction in Chinese, and experimental simulation and behavioral research in English. Its research method from real scene simulation to model calculation combined with virtual reality is worthy learning. It is necessary to strengthen research on evacuation lighting in various disaster types and multiple scenarios, and explore evacuation lighting methods suitable for disaster evacuation in outdoor environments in the future.

Risk assessment of urban waterlogging and site selection of storage tank based on MCDM-BPNN

HAO Jingkai, LI Hongyan, ZHANG Feng, ZHANG Chong, MAO Libo, LIU Dawei

2024, 34(8): 214-221. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1518

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To establish a comprehensive evaluation system for urban waterlogging risk, three dimensions were selected: water accumulation risk, overload risk, and lateral inflow. This system aims to provide a reference for the optimal placement of storage tanks. Firstly, a mixed MCDM framework including the improved analytic hierarchy process (IAHP), anti-entropy weight method (AEW), and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was designed. Then, the IAHP-AEW-TOPSIS model was compared with IAHP-TOPSIS and AEW-TOPSIS model respectively, and the ranking consistency was verified by Spearman ranking correlation coefficient. The performance of IAHP-AEW-TOPSIS model was confirmed by calculating variation coefficient, relative range and sensitivity. Finally, a model based on MCDM-BPNN was established and verified by a waterlogging-prone area in Shanxi Province. The results show that water accumulation risk has the most significant influence in the evaluation system of urban waterlogging risk, with the weight of 0.46, followed by the overload risk with the weight of 0.36. The location of the node and the number of connecting pipes greatly affect the risk of waterlogging of the node, and waterlogging occurs more frequently at the junction of pipes or in larger confluence areas. There was better performance exhibited by the IAHP-AEW-TOPSIS model. In the 5-year and 10-year return periods, the accuracy of MCDM-BPNN model verification set is 93.3% and 100% respectively, which can accurately and rapidly simulate and predict urban floods. After the application case is set up, the number of high, medium and low risk nodes are 7, 9, 30 and 6, 19, 21 respectively, and the effect of reducing waterlogging overflow is remarkable.

Susceptibility evaluation based on connection cloud model and improved conflict evidence fusion method for debris flow disaster

CHEN Guangyao, LI Sihao, LIANG Yangze, XIA Zhenzhao, XU Zhao

2024, 34(8): 222-230. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1882

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Debris flow, as a common geological disaster, has a complex formation mechanism with numerous influencing factors and multiple uncertainties. To comprehensively consider the synergistic effects of various influencing factors, based on information fusion and uncertainty analysis theory, this paper proposed a debris flow susceptibility evaluation method based on evidence theory and cloud model. Firstly, the BPA function of key evaluation indicators for debris flow susceptibility was calculated using a connection cloud model. Subsequently, the reliability and uncertainty of the indicators' BPA were modified using Lance distance and DENG entropy, respectively, resulting in a corrected BPA. Finally, evidence fusion was performed on the corrected BPA based on Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence theory to achieve debris flow susceptibility assessment, followed by a case validation. The results show that the connection cloud model used in this paper overcomes the limitation that the normal cloud model requires indicators to follow the normal distribution when calculating BPA, and it considers the randomness and uncertainty of indicator distribution. The proposed method's evaluation results are generally consistent with those of four other commonly used evidence fusion methods, proving it to be effective and feasible for debris flow susceptibility evaluation. The conflict evidence fusion method improved based on Lance distance and DENG entropy can enhance the convergence speed and precision of evidence fusion, making the results more accurate and reliable.

Effect of ¹³¹I nuclide therapy operation mode correction on radiation safety risk

FENG Jiangping, ZHANG Jinfan, CHEN Feng, LIN Zehua, GUO Jianfeng, LIU Yong

2024, 34(8): 231-237. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1612

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To protect the occupational health and safety of ¹³¹I nuclear therapy workers and increase the utilization rate of ¹³¹I nuclear therapy, ¹³¹I nuclear therapy workplaces in 10 hospitals in Shenzhen were selected in this study. The iodine box filter membrane sampling method, combined with a low background high-purity germanium γ energy spectrometer and passive efficiency calibration software, was used to measure the ¹³¹I activity concentration in critical areas of nuclear medicine workplaces. The accumulated effective dose of occupational personnel was estimated, and then the radiation safety risk of occupational personnel was evaluated. Furthermore, the effect of the correction factor change of ¹³¹I nuclide treatment operation on the radiation safety risk of occupational personnel was analyzed. The results showed that when the correction factor of ¹³¹I (liquid) nuclide treatment operation mode was set to 10, the radiation safety risk was far below the standard limit for manufacturer delivery and automatic packaging in nuclear medicine workplaces. It was recommended that the correction factor of the operation model of ¹³¹I (liquid) radionuclide therapy be distinguished by the packaging system, with manual packaging set to 1 and manufacturer delivery and automatic packaging set to 10.

MET prediction model of muscle fatigue in drilling with simulated overhand position

ZHAO Chuan, LIU Siqi, ZHAO Xiaoyi

2024, 34(8): 238-246. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1776

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In order to evaluate the development of muscle fatigue during drilling operations in the hand-over-head posture, a simulated drilling test was conducted to measure the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of muscles before the test, the maximum residual muscle strength (MRF) after the test, the degree of strength output attenuation (ΔF), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) of wrists, elbows, and shoulders. MET was recorded. By setting different combinations of three operating surfaces (front, side, and bottom) and three operating heights as experimental variables, the effects of different operating methods on muscle fatigue during drilling operations under hand head posture were compared. Subsequently, the effects of three operating surfaces (front, side, and bottom) and three operating heights on MET, MRF, ΔF, as well as RPE of wrist, elbow, and shoulder were analyzed. Research has shown that using frontal manipulation and reducing arm lift height can effectively alleviate muscle fatigue. Different operating surfaces significantly affect MET, MRF, and ΔF, as well as RPE of the wrist, elbow, and shoulder. Different operating heights significantly affect MET, MRF, and RPE of the elbow. MET prediction model established in this article can reflect the muscle fatigue status of personnel during drilling operations in the hand-head posture.

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