智慧城市背景下的火灾实时疏散系统

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.02.2798

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为尽可能减少火灾给城市居民带来的生命威胁与财产损失,首先提出基于物联网(IoT)技术的智慧城市火灾实时疏散系统构建思路;该系统由感知层、数据处理层和应用层组成,其中,感知层主要通过窄带物联网(NB-IoT)技术、超宽带(UWB)技术,实时采集并传输建筑内的火情信息和人员位置信息;数据处理层主要基于Floyd算法和建筑拓扑图规划人员最优疏散路径;应用层则根据疏散路径规划结果指导人员疏散。然后以天津市智慧城市建设示范区域中的学术交流中心为例,选取人员密集区域分析UWB基站布置原则,将建筑平面结构拓扑化;并结合建筑内火灾危险源位置,利用Floyd算法规划疏散路径,同时利用三维模型展示疏散路线;再借助Pathfinder软件模拟优化前后的人员疏散情况,对比所用疏散时间和疏散距离,结果表明:人员自由疏散选择的路径距离较长,算法优化后的疏散距离为34.9 m,缩短了11 m,疏散用时为30.9 s,减少了9.7 s,提高了疏散效率。

关键词: 智慧城市, 火灾实时疏散系统, 疏散路径, 窄带物联网(NB-IoT)技术, 超宽带(UWB), Floyd算法

Abstract:

In order to reduce the life threat and property loss caused by fire to urban residents as much as possible, the construction idea of smart city fire real-time evacuation system based on Internet of Things (IoT) technology is proposed. The system consists of a perception layer, a data processing layer and an application layer. The perception layer mainly collects and transmits fire information and personnel location information in the building in real time through NB-IoT technology and UWB technology. The data processing layer is mainly based on Floyd algorithm and building topology diagram to plan the optimal evacuation path for personnel. The application layer guides personnel to evacuate according to the evacuation path planning results. Taking the academic exchange center in the demonstration area of smart city construction in Tianjin as an example, the layout principle of UWB base station was analyzed in the densely populated area, the evacuation path was planned by Floyd algorithm based on topology of the building plane structure and the location of fire hazard sources in the building, and the evacuation route was displayed by three-dimensional model. The Pathfinder software was used to simulate the evacuation situation before and after optimization, and the evacuation time and evacuation distance were compared. The results showed that the distance of the path chosen by the free evacuation was relatively long. The evacuation distance after optimization of the algorithm was 34.9 m, which was shortened by 11 m, and the evacuation time was 30.9 m, which was reduced by 9.7 s, which improved the evacuation efficiency.

Key words: smart city, real-time fire evacuation system, evacuation path, narrow band-internet of things(NB-IoT) technology, ultra-wideband(UWB), Floyd algorithm

钟炜, 于佳怡. 智慧城市背景下的火灾实时疏散系统[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2023, 33(2): 179-184.

ZHONG Wei, YU Jiayi. Real-time fire evacuation system under smart city background[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2023, 33(2): 179-184.

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路径规划方式	人员所在位置	危险所在位置	安全出口位置	疏散路径	疏散距离/m	疏散时间/s
未使用算法	5R7	5Z7	5E1	5R7→5Z15→5Z14→5Z13→5Z12→5Z9→5Z12 →5Z11→5Z10→5Z3→5Z2→5Z5→5Z6→5E1	45.9	40.6
使用算法	5R7	5Z7	5E1	5R7→5Z15→5Z14→5Z13→5Z12→5Z11 →5Z10→5Z3→5Z2→5Z5→5Z6→5E1	34.9	30.9