深部矿山隐伏危险区辨识与支护优化

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.1259

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

深部金属矿山开采过程中动力灾害频发,现有地压监测技术与静态支护体系难以满足复杂开采环境下灾害主动防控的工程需求,为解决此问题,以二里河铅锌矿深部开采工程为依托,构建深部三维地声智能监测网络,采用动态最短路径法(DSPM)开展岩体波速层析成像,精细化辨识深部岩体隐伏致灾构造与高应力异常区;结合震级(M)、峰值地面速度(PGV)与峰值地面加速度(PGA)等地声事件参数表征震源强度与围岩震动响应水平,融合岩体质量分级结果完成支护强度动态校核,制定适配不同岩性与地压条件的差异化支护方案,并在矿区8号斜井高风险区段进行工程应用与效果验证。研究结果表明:构建的地声监测网络能够克服复杂空区环境下的信号干扰,实现岩体破裂高频弱信号的稳定捕获;波速成像结果揭示出高波速梯度带与动力灾害显现的时空相关性,可用于圈定深部岩体隐伏危险区;差异化支护方案实施后,目标区域的地声活动频次显著降低,巷道围岩大变形得到控制。

关键词: 深部矿山, 地声监测, 隐伏危险区域, 波速成像, 差异化支护

Abstract:

Dynamic hazards occur frequently during the mining process of deep metal mines, and existing ground pressure monitoring technologies and static support systems cannot meet the engineering requirements for active hazard prevention and control in complex mining environments. Based on the deep mining engineering practice at the Erlihe lead-zinc mine, a three-dimensional intelligent geoacoustic monitoring network for deep underground environments was established. The dynamic shortest path method (DSPM) was employed to perform seismic-velocity tomography of the rock mass, enabling refined identification of concealed hazard-inducing structures and high-stress anomalous zones in the deep rock mass. Source strength and the vibration response of the surrounding rock were characterized by using geoacoustic event parameters, including magnitude (M), peak ground velocity (PGV), and peak ground acceleration (PGA). By integrating rock-mass quality classification, the dynamic verification of support capacity was achieved. On this basis, differentiated support schemes suitable for varying lithologies and ground-pressure conditions were developed and then applied and validated in a high-risk section of the No. 8 inclined shaft in the mine. The results show that signal interference in complex goaf environments is effectively mitigated by the constructed geoacoustic monitoring network. Stable acquisition of high-frequency weak signals induced by rock mass fracture is realized. The spatiotemporal correlation between high velocity gradient zones and the occurrence of dynamic hazards is revealed by seismic velocity tomography results. which can be used to delineate concealed hazardous zones in deep rock mass. After the implementation of the differentiated support schemes, the frequency of geoacoustic events in the target area is significantly reduced, and large deformation of roadway surrounding rock is effectively controlled.

Key words: deep mines, geoacoustic monitoring, concealed hazardous zones, wave velocity imaging, differentiated support

中图分类号:

X936

赵林海, 郝晨良, 井家友, 董陇军, 王超, 张腾. 深部矿山隐伏危险区辨识与支护优化[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2026, 36(6): 102-109.

Zhao Linhai, Hao Chenliang, Jing Jiayou, Dong Longjun, Wang Chao, Zhang Teng. Identification of concealed hazard zones and support optimization in deep mines[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2026, 36(6): 102-109.

图/表 7

图1

图2

图3

表1

表2

图4

图5

参考文献 27

[1]	钱七虎. 岩爆、冲击地压的定义、机制、分类及其定量预测模型[J]. 岩土力学, 2014, 35(1): 1-6.
	Qian Qihu. Definition, mechanism, classification, and quantitative forecast model for rockburst and pressure bump[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2014, 35(1): 1-6.
[2]	董陇军. 岩体多源声学及应用[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2023: 198-422.
[3]	谢和平. 深部岩体力学与开采理论研究进展[J]. 煤炭学报, 2019, 44(5): 1283-1305.
	Xie Heping. Research review of the state key research development program of China: deep rock mechanics and mining theory[J]. Journal of China Coal Society, 2019, 44(5): 1283-1305.
[4]	Tan Qulin, Bai Minzhou, Zhou Pinggen, et al. Geological hazard risk assessment of line landslide based on remotely sensed data and GIS[J]. Measurement, 2021,169: DOI:10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108370.
[5]	何玉珍, 王文杰, 陈仲杰. 基于G1-RF组合赋权云模型的下向分层开采充填体稳定性评价[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2025, 35(4): 165-172.
	He Yuzhen, Wang Wenjie, Chen Zhongjie. Downward layered mining based on G1-RF combined empowerment cloud model evaluation of filling stability[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025, 35 (4): 165-172. doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.0474
[6]	冯夏庭, 王泳嘉. 深部开采诱发的岩爆及其防治策略的研究进展[J]. 中国矿业, 1998, 7(5): 42-45.
	Feng Xiating, Wang Yongjia. New development in researching rockburst induced by mining at great depth and its control strategies[J]. Journal of China Coal Industry, 1998, 7(5): 42-45.
[7]	贡力, 康春涛, 王鸿, 等. 盐冻耦合侵蚀作用下寒旱地区渡槽劣化机制[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2020, 30(11): 43-52. doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn 1003-3033.2020.11.007
	Gong Li, Kang Chuntao, Wang Hong, et al. Mechanism of aqueducts in cold and dry areas under effect of saltfrozen coupling erosion[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2020, 30(11): 43-52.
[8]	柴敬, 彭钰博, 马伟超, 等. 煤柱应力应变分布的光纤监测试验研究[J]. 地下空间与工程学报, 2017, 13(1): 213-219.
	Chai Jing, Peng Yubo, Ma Weichao, et al. Research on optical fiber sensing monitoring experiment of stress-strain distribution in section coal pillar[J]. Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering, 2017, 13(1): 213-219.
[9]	Prugger A, Gendzwill D. Microearthquake location: a nonlinear approach that makes use of a simplex stepping procedure[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1988, 78(2): 799-815. doi: 10.1785/BSSA0780020799
[10]	董陇军, 李夕兵, 马举, 等. 未知波速系统中声发射与微震震源三维解析综合定位方法及工程应用[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2017, 36(1): 186-197.
	Dong Longjun, Li Xibing, Ma Ju, et al. Three-dimensional analytical comprehensive solutions for acoustic emission/microseismic sources of unknown velocity system[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2017, 36(1): 186-197.
[11]	Song Jiefang, Lu Caiping, Zhang Xiufeng, et al. Application of bayesian method for mining-induced tremors: a case study of the Xinjulong coal mine in China[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2024, 174: DOI:10.1016/j.ijrmms.2023.105635.
[12]	Zhan Kai, Luo Hao, Xu Rui, et al. Inversion of stress redistribution based on focal mechanism solutions: a case study of the Dongtan coal mine[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2025, 58(7): 8033-8046. doi: 10.1007/s00603-025-04544-2
[13]	Cai M, Kaiser P K, Martin C D. Quantification of rock mass damage in underground excavations from microseismic event monitoring[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2001, 38(8): 1135-1145.
[14]	Vallejos J A, Marambio E, Burgos L, et al. Dynamic test response of ground support systems for underground excavations at the Walenstadt testing facility[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2024, 57(1): 389-428. doi: 10.1007/s00603-023-03547-1
[15]	Dai Lianpeng, Zhao Xin, Pan Yishan, et al. Microseismic criterion for dynamic risk assessment and warning of roadway rockburst induced by coal mine seismicity[J]. Engineering Geology, 2025: DOI:10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108324.
[16]	Geiger L. Probability method for the determination of earthquake epicenters from the arrival time only[J]. Bulletin of the Saint Louis University, 1912, 8(1): 56-71.
[17]	Thurber C. Nonlinear earthquake location: theory and examples[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1985, 75(3): 779-790. doi: 10.1785/BSSA0750030779
[18]	Waldhauser F, Ellsworth W L. A double-difference earthquake location algorithm: method and application to the northern Hayward fault, California[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2000, 90(6): 1353-1368. doi: 10.1785/0120000006
[19]	窦林名, 姜耀东, 曹安业, 等. 煤矿冲击矿压动静载的“应力场-震动波场”监测预警技术[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2017, 36(4): 803-811.
	Dou Linming, Jiang Yaodong, Cao Anye, et al. Monitoring and pre-warning of rockburst hazard with technology of stress fieldand wave field in underground coalmines[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Me-chanics and Engineering, 2017, 36(4): 803-811.
[20]	董陇军, 郝晨良, 孙道元, 等. 矿山顶板灾害地声监测预警与防控[J]. 采矿与岩层控制工程学报, 2025, 7(4): 5-31.
	Dong Longjun, Hao Chenliang, Sun Daoyuan, et al. Geosound monitoring, early warning, and prevention and control of mine roof hazards[J]. Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering, 2025, 7(4): 5-31.
[21]	Gebremedhin B, Mikula P, Darlington B, et al. Analysis of in-situ dynamic ground support test results with insights revealed by time-dependent terms of power and strain rate[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2025: 58(8):8595-8612. doi: 10.1007/s00603-025-04578-6
[22]	冯国瑞, 郝晨良, 王朋飞, 等. 近距采空区下回采巷道非对称变形机理及控制对策[J]. 中国矿业大学学报, 2022, 51(4): 617-631.
	Feng Guorui, Hao Chenliang, Wang Pengfei, et al. Asymmetric deformation mechanism and control measures for mining roadway under gob in close proximity[J]. Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 2022, 51(4): 617-631.
[23]	陆菜平, 窦林名, 吴兴荣, 等. 煤岩冲击前兆微震频谱演变规律的试验与实证研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2008, 27(3): 519-525.
	Lu Caiping, Dou Linming, Wu Xingrong, et al. Experimental and empirical research on frequency-spectrum evolvement rule of rockburst precursory microseismic signals of coal-rock[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2008, 27(3): 519-525.
[24]	Du Liang, Zhu Wenjin, Wang Lei, et al. Using roof borehole electrical resistivity tomography to monitor roof water infiltration in a mine work face[J]. Scientific Reports, 2025, 15(1): DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-86747-9.
[25]	Potvin Y, Wesseloo J. Towards an understanding of dynamic demand on ground support[J]. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2013, 113(12): 913-922.
[26]	Stacey T R. A philosophical view on the testing of rock support for rockburst conditions[J]. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2012, 112(8): 1-8.
[27]	董陇军, 王钧晖, 马举. 不同微震震源机制下地下硐室围岩响应及支护建议[J]. 隧道与地下工程灾害防治, 2019, 1(3): 68-76.
	Dong Longjun, Wang Junhui, Ma Ju. Response and support suggestions of surrounding rock of underground cavern under different microseismic source mechanism[J]. Hazard Control in Tunnelling and Under-ground Engineering, 2019, 1(3): 68-76.

位置	地层岩性	坚硬程度	完整程度	质量分级	典型地声响应特征
矿层上盘	上泥盆统星红铺组铁白云质粉砂质千枚岩	较硬岩	完整	Ⅱ₂	事件空间分布相对分散, 能级以中等为主
矿体	中泥盆统古道岭组统硅化灰岩	较硬岩	完整	Ⅱ₁	事件总体较离散,活动强度整体较低; 以零散中低能级事件为主
矿层下盘	中泥盆统古道岭组中厚层状灰岩	较硬岩	完整	Ⅱ₁	事件总体较离散,时空分布相对稳定; 以中低能级事件为主
局部	断层破碎带	较硬岩	松散	Ⅲ₃	多表现为低能级、高频且密集的微破裂活动,事件空间聚集性增强

动荷载参数范围	砂质千枚岩	层状灰岩	断层破碎带
I级(低动载/远场响应) 低能级M<1.0 响应(PGV/PGA):弱震动响应, 未超过岩体弹性极限	仅喷射混凝土	喷射混凝土+普通锚杆	喷射混凝土+普通锚杆+钢筋网
II级(中动载/过渡区) 中等能级1.0≤M<1.6 响应(PGV/PGA):中等震动响应,局部应力调整剧烈	喷射混凝土+ 普通锚杆	喷射混凝土+ 普通锚杆+钢筋网	喷射混凝土+钢筋拱+ 普通锚杆+钢筋网
III级(高动载/近场冲击) 高震级1.6≤M 响应(PGV/PGA):强震动响应, 具有高波速与高加速度冲击特征	喷射混凝土+普通锚杆+钢筋网	喷射混凝土+钢筋拱+ 普通锚杆+钢筋网	钢架混凝土(钢架两侧立柱及拱顶均为25号b工字钢,全部钢拱架焊接成为整体,浇筑C20混凝土厚度0.1 ~0.3 m)