滑坡一体化全维度监测预警技术进展与展望

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.01.1144

中国安全科学学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (1): 105-114.doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.01.1144

滑坡一体化全维度监测预警技术进展与展望

程刚¹^,²^,³(), 王振雪¹, 李刚强⁴^,^**(), 朱鸿鹄², 施斌²

¹ 华北科技学院计算机学院,河北廊坊 065201
² 南京大学地球科学与工程学院,江苏南京 210023
³ 南京大学(苏州) 高新技术研究院,江苏苏州 215123
⁴ 华北科技学院矿山安全学院,河北廊坊 065201

收稿日期:2022-08-20 修回日期:2022-11-10 出版日期:2023-01-28 发布日期:2023-07-28
通讯作者: ** 李刚强(1988—),男,山东枣庄人,硕士,工程师,主要从事矿山安全、应急管理与安全培训等方面研究。E-mail: ligangqiang@ncist.edu.cn。

作者简介:

程刚 (1987—),男,安徽六安人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事地质与岩土工程智能监测技术、物联网远程数据采集与地质灾害评价等方面的研究。E-mail: chenggang@ncist.edu.cn。

朱鸿鹄,教授

施斌,教授

基金资助:
中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(226Z5404G); 中国科协科技智库青年人才计划项目(20220615ZZ07110274); 河北省自然科学基金面上项目资助(D2022508002); 廊坊市科学技术研究与发展计划项目(2021011040)

Progress and prospect of integrated full-dimensional monitoring and early warning technology for landslides

CHENG Gang¹^,²^,³(), WANG Zhenxue¹, LI Gangqiang⁴^,^**(), ZHU Honghu², SHI Bin²

¹ School of Computer Science, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Langfang Hebei 065201, China
² School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing Jiangsu 210023, China
³ Nanjing University High-Tech Institute at Suzhou, Suzhou Jiangsu 215123, China
⁴ School of Mine Safety, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Langfang Hebei 065201, China

Received:2022-08-20 Revised:2022-11-10 Online:2023-01-28 Published:2023-07-28

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为应对我国复杂多变地质环境下工程活动与自然地质作用的叠加效应,突破单一化监测手段在表征滑坡灾变演化过程中的局限性,以实现滑坡隐患早期识别和灾害精准预警,首先概括性描述当前用于滑坡监测的天基、空基、地基与体基的天-空-地-体一体化全维度监测预警技术的研究现状;然后从隐患早期识别与应急监测、多源多维一体化智能监测、新材料、新工艺交叉监测及基于分布式声学感测(DAS)技术的海底滑坡监测等方面,总结近年来滑坡监测预警领域中理论、技术与应用方面取得的成果;最后基于多种监测技术的局限性,展望滑坡监测面临的挑战与发展趋势。研究表明:通过综述性对比滑坡一体化全维度监测预警技术,得出多种技术的适用条件和优缺点,然而由于这些技术的指标差异,往往会导致数据漏判与误判,未来应将研究重点聚焦于预警判据标准和系统建模方面。

关键词: 滑坡灾害, 天-空-地-体一体化, 全维度, 监测预警, 监测技术, 隐患早期识别

Abstract:

In order to deal with the superposition effect of human engineering activities and natural geological processes under the complex and changeable geological environment in China, the limitations of single monitoring means in characterizing the landslide hazard evolution process was broken to realize the early identification of landslide hazards and accurate early warning of disasters. Firstly, this paper generally describes the current research status of full-dimension monitoring and early warning technology of integrated monitoring for the air, space, ground, and interior. Then from the aspects of early identification and emergency monitoring of potential hazards, multi-source and multi-dimensional integrated intelligent monitoring, cross-monitoring of new materials and new processes, and monitoring of submarine landslide based on DAS(Distributed Acoustic Sensing) technology. The achievements of theory, technology, and application in landslide monitoring and early warning in recent years are summarized. Finally, based on the limitations of various monitoring technologies, the challenges and development trends of current landslide monitoring are prospected. The research shows that various technologies' application conditions, advantages, and disadvantages are obtained through the comprehensive comparison of landslide integrated full dimension monitoring and early warning technologies. However, the difference in various monitoring technical indicators often leads to missing and miscalculating monitoring data. In the future, the research should focus on early warning criteria and system modeling.

Key words: landslide hazard, integration of air-space-ground-interior, full dimension, monitoring and early warning, monitoring technology, early identification of hidden dangers

程刚, 王振雪, 李刚强, 朱鸿鹄, 施斌. 滑坡一体化全维度监测预警技术进展与展望[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2023, 33(1): 105-114.

CHENG Gang, WANG Zhenxue, LI Gangqiang, ZHU Honghu, SHI Bin. Progress and prospect of integrated full-dimensional monitoring and early warning technology for landslides[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2023, 33(1): 105-114.

图/表 9

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图2

图3

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表1

天-空-地-体一体化滑坡监测主要技术对比分析

监测技术		原理	适用条件	优点	局限性
天空	GNSS	利用一组卫星实时获取监测站的位置	适于较大区域内,滑坡不同变形阶段地表变形连续监测	全天候实时监测、监测距离长、速度快、数据可靠性高	监测站点选择自由度低、数据处理复杂
	InSAR	利用SAR卫星获取滑坡影像,通过对其进行处理得到滑坡三维地形信息	适于大区域滑坡边界划定、坡表沉降、裂缝、位移及动态演化的全覆盖式连续监测	全天候、全时段实时监测、精度高、范围大	选点困难、易受空间失相关和大气延迟的影响
	无人机遥感	无人机搭载相机,按照设计航线飞行拍摄,通过影像数据处理得到滑坡的三维模型	适于小区域滑坡地貌与变化特征的三维快速测量;主要用于划定滑坡边界、识别地表结构异常和裂缝等	精度高、自动化、智能化,且监测成本低	续航时间有限,无法实时监测,恶劣天气下难以工作
地表	机器人测量	通过自动全站仪和滑坡地表安置的棱镜对滑坡进行实时监测	适于较小范围内,滑坡加速变形阶段前的坡体变形监测	精度高,全自动实时监测,获取信息丰富	监测周期长,受地形和气象限制,单台测量范围有限,多台成本高
	三维激光扫描	通过发射和接收激光的时差获取被测对象表面的三维坐标数据	适于滑坡不同变形阶段地表三维空间位移与沉降等地貌变形监测	非接触性、快速性、主动性,实时获取的数据具有高密度、高精度等优点	数据处理复杂、测量精度易受地表起伏和物体影响
	GB-SAR	地基雷达在滑轨上运动并发射和接收微波信号,利用合成孔径雷达技术进行成像	适于滑坡体不同变形阶段地表三维位移的全过程长期监测	精度高,不受天气影响,测量面积广,可实现全天候实时监测,安全性高	数据处理复杂,监测环境对结果会产生影响
内部	TDR	当同轴电缆发生变形,变形处产生回波信号并反射至测量仪,通过回波信号分析,获得变形位置及位移大小	适于滑面倾角较小的滑坡滑面位置与深部位移监测,以及滑坡治理效果评价	监测周期短、成本低,数据获取速度快,滑面定位准确度高	无法确定滑动方向和倾斜状态,对均匀变形的敏感度较差,点式监测存在监测盲区
	钻孔测斜仪	钻孔变形使得探头与垂直面产生一定角度,利用该角度可求出不同高程处的水平位移增量,通过测管底部测点开始逐段累加,可得出任一高程处的水平位移	适于滑坡滑体初始变形和等速变形阶段下,滑坡不同深度的变形监测和滑带圈定	可确定滑面位置、位移大小及滑动方向,可重复探测,受外界因素干扰小	定向易受到干扰、测程有限、成本较高;当滑坡变形较大时,易造成测管毁坏而无法继续测量
	分布式光纤感测	通过接收和分析散射光频移,得到光纤沿线各点的应变和温度变化	适于长距离、大范围、分布式的滑坡体宏观实时监测	精度高、分布式、全实时,传感器耐腐蚀、抗干扰,可用于滑坡的长期监测	难以精准确定滑坡滑动方向,传感器布设工艺及质量对结果影响大,解调仪较昂贵

表1

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图7

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滑坡一体化全维度监测预警技术进展与展望

Progress and prospect of integrated full-dimensional monitoring and early warning technology for landslides

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