隧道流淌火蔓延燃烧行为与烟气演化特性全尺寸试验

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.09.0328

中国安全科学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (9): 185-192.doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.09.0328

隧道流淌火蔓延燃烧行为与烟气演化特性全尺寸试验

马翰超¹(), 翟旭², 张一辰¹, 吕君可¹, 肖建峰³, 黄弘¹^,^**()

¹ 清华大学安全科学学院, 北京 100084
² 清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院, 北京 100084
³ 成都消防救援机动支队, 四川成都 610400

收稿日期:2026-05-09 修回日期:2026-07-12 出版日期:2026-10-20
通信作者:
^** 黄弘(1972—),男,吉林四平人,博士,教授,主要从事城市公共安全、火灾科学等方面的研究。E-mail: hhong@tsinghua.edu.cn。
作者简介:
马翰超 (1999—),男,河北保定人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为流淌火灾防控。E-mail: mhc22@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn。
翟旭助理研究员
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目资助(2024YFC3016600)

Full-scale experiment on burning behaviors and smoke characteristics of spill fires in road tunnels

Ma Hanchao¹(), Zhai Xu², Zhang Yichen¹, Lyu Junke¹, Xiao Jianfeng³, Huang Hong¹^,^**()

¹ School of Safety Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
² Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
³ Chengdu Fire and Rescue Mobile Brigade, Chengdu Sichuan 610400, China

Received:2026-05-09 Revised:2026-07-12 Published:2026-10-20

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为揭示公路隧道流淌火灾的灾变机制、弥补全尺寸试验数据不足,在长100 m、宽10.5 m、高7.5 m的全尺寸公路隧道内,开展不同燃料类型(正庚烷、乙醇)和泄漏速率(34~59 mL/s)下的流淌火试验,分析燃烧直径、火焰高度、燃烧速率、顶棚烟气温度及烟气蔓延速度的演化特性。结果表明:流淌火灾燃烧直径呈典型“蔓延-回缩-准稳定燃烧”3阶段发展过程,火焰高度与燃烧直径间存在线性关系;正庚烷流淌火灾的稳定阶段燃烧速率高于乙醇,分别为0.055~0.063、0.039~0.050 mm/s;顶棚烟气温度变化趋势与燃烧直径一致;各工况下烟气蔓延速度为0.4~0.71 m/s,与泄漏速率正相关;稳定阶段顶棚最高温升与流淌火灾热释放速率呈线性相关;无量纲温升随无量纲距离的增大呈指数衰减,且衰减速度低于现有模型预测值。

关键词: 隧道流淌火, 火焰高度, 蔓延燃烧行为, 顶棚烟气温度, 烟气演化特性

Abstract:

To reveal the disaster mechanism of spill fires in road tunnels and to address the shortage of full-scale experimental data, spill fire experiments were conducted in a full-scale road tunnel (100 m long, 10.5 m wide, 7.5 m high) using two fuel types (n-heptane and ethanol) and varying discharge rates (34-59 mL/s). The evolution characteristics of burning diameter, flame height, burning rate, ceiling smoke temperature, and smoke spread velocity was analyzed. The results show that the burning diameter exhibits a typical three-stage development process: "spread-shrink-quasi-steady burning". A linear relationship is found between flame height and burning diameter. During the quasi-steady stage, the burning rate of n-heptane spill fires is higher than that of ethanol, ranging from 0.055 to 0.063 mm/s and 0.039 to 0.050 mm/s, respectively. The variation trend of ceiling smoke temperature is consistent with that of the burning diameter. The smoke spread velocity under all test conditions ranges from 0.4 to 0.71 m/s and is positively correlated with the discharge rate. During the quasi-steady stage, the maximum ceiling temperature rise exhibits a linear correlation with the heat release rate. The dimensionless temperature rise decays exponentially with increasing dimensionless distance, with a decay rate slower than that predicted by existing models.

Key words: tunnel spill fire, flame height, burning and spreading behaviors, ceiling smoke temperature, smoke evolution characteristics

中图分类号:

X932爆炸安全与防火、防爆

马翰超, 翟旭, 张一辰, 吕君可, 肖建峰, 黄弘. 隧道流淌火蔓延燃烧行为与烟气演化特性全尺寸试验[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2026, 36(9): 185-192.

Ma Hanchao, Zhai Xu, Zhang Yichen, Lyu Junke, Xiao Jianfeng, Huang Hong. Full-scale experiment on burning behaviors and smoke characteristics of spill fires in road tunnels[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2026, 36(9): 185-192.

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参数	不确定度来源	相对不确定度/%
H	试验测量	±11.6
D	试验测量	±7.4
稳定燃烧速率	D	±7.4
烟气温度	试验测量	±12.6

隧道流淌火蔓延燃烧行为与烟气演化特性全尺寸试验

Full-scale experiment on burning behaviors and smoke characteristics of spill fires in road tunnels

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工况	泄漏速率/(mL/s)	燃料类型	试验时长/s
1	34	正庚烷	180
2	46
3	59
4	34	乙醇
5	46
6	59