无人机载荷约束下干粉-泡沫联用抑灭火效能研究

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.09.0880

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为解决系留式消防无人机(UAV)在高层建筑火灾救援中破拆玻璃后易诱发回燃并转捩为轰燃这一难题,提出“干粉-泡沫”联用抑灭火策略。搭建全尺寸火灾试验平台,考虑无人机的载荷约束,通过系统改变干粉质量(1.5~4 kg)和泡沫流量(0.5~2 L/s),获取顶棚烟气层温度和火焰高度等火场参数数据;构建抑灭火效能评价体系,量化分析不同干粉-泡沫用量对抑灭火效能的影响。研究结果表明:不同干粉-泡沫用量工况均可有效抑制回燃转捩,干粉-泡沫联用抑灭火的协同作用机制为“初期干粉快速抑制-后期泡沫长效冷却”;通过效能评价分析得出,增加干粉质量可提升抑火效能,但超过3 kg后提升幅度衰减至5.6 %;低流量泡沫(<1.5 L/s)会严重衰减降温效能并增加复燃风险;3 kg干粉与2 L/s泡沫的联用方案在抑火效能(0.074 m/s)和降温效能(3.14 ℃/s)上达到最优。

关键词: 无人机(UAV), 载荷约束, 干粉-泡沫联用, 抑灭火效能, 高层建筑火灾, 火灾试验

Abstract:

To prevent backdraft and flashover after UAV-breakable window breakage in high-rise fires, a "dry powder-foam" suppression strategy was proposed. Full-scale fire tests under UAV payload constraints were conducted by varying powder mass (1.5-4 kg) and foam flow rate (0.5-2 L/s), measuring ceiling temperature and flame height. Results show that all combinations effectively suppressed backdraft transition, exhibiting a "powder rapid suppression-foam sustained cooling" mechanism. Increasing powder mass enhanced fire suppression, with diminishing returns beyond 3 kg (only 5.6% improvement). Low foam flow (<1.5 L/s) significantly reduced cooling and increased re-ignition risk. The optimal combination (3 kg powder + 2 L/s foam) achieved the highest suppression (0.074 m/s) and cooling (3.14 ℃/s) rates.

Key words: unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV), payload constraints, dry powder-foam combined suppression, suppression and cooling effectiveness, high-rise building fire, fire test

中图分类号:

X928.7火灾与爆炸事故

李治含, 张国维, 李彬, 于龙飞, 刘湘斐. 无人机载荷约束下干粉-泡沫联用抑灭火效能研究[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2026, 36(9): 193-201.

Li Zhihan, Zhang Guowei, Li Bin, Yu Longfei, Liu Xiangfei. Fire suppression efficacy of dry powder-foam synergistic application under UAV payload constraints[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2026, 36(9): 193-201.

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试验编号	干粉质量/kg	泡沫流量/ (L/s)	最高温度降至可控阶段的时间/s	抑灭火情况
1	无	无	不可控	回燃转捩为轰燃
2	1.5	2	77	遏止回燃转捩+灭火
3	2	2	73	遏止回燃转捩+灭火
4	3	2	69	遏止回燃转捩+灭火
5	4	2	63	遏止回燃转捩+灭火
6	1.5	1.5	74	遏止回燃转捩+灭火
7	1.5	1	85	遏止回燃转捩+复燃
8	1.5	0.5	164	遏止回燃转捩+未灭火

试验序号	干粉质量/kg	初始时刻火焰高度/m	终止时刻火焰高度/m	干粉抑火因子/(m/s)	干粉火焰高度抑制率/%
2	1.5	2.04	0.91	0.056	55.4
3	2	2.03	0.82	0.061	59.6
4	3	2.07	0.60	0.074	71.0
5	4	2.15	0.62	0.077	71.2

试验序号	泡沫流量/(L/s)	初始时刻火焰高度/m	终止时刻火焰高度/m	泡沫抑火因子/(m/s)	泡沫火焰高度抑制率/%
2	2	0.87	0.08	0.013	90.8
6	1.5	0.98	0.15	0.014	84.7
7	1	0.89	0.17	0.012	80.9
8	0.5	1.03	0.36	0.011	65.0

试验序号	干粉质量/kg	初始时刻温/℃	终止时刻温度/℃	干粉降温因子/(℃/s)	干粉降温率/%
2	1.5	376.6	357.3	0.97	5.1
3	2	339.3	313.3	1.30	7.7
4	3	380.9	318.1	3.14	16.5
5	4	360.3	294.3	3.30	18.3

试验序号	泡沫流量/(L/s)	初始时刻温度/℃	终止时刻温度/℃	泡沫降温因子/(℃/s)	泡沫降温率/%
2	2	357.3	148.0	3.49	58.6
6	1.5	323.0	135.3	3.13	58.1
7	1	309.9	149.2	2.68	51.8
8	0.5	332.3	182.5	2.49	44.9