Liquid nitrogen suppresses thermal runaway of lithium-ion battery modules under external heating and overcharge

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.10.0781

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to inhibit the thermal runaway propagation of lithium-ion battery modules, a test system was constructed to reveal the inhibition effect of LN on thermal runaway propagation of lithium-ion battery modules under the conditions of external heating and overcharging. Results show that under external heating conditions, thermal runaway propagates from the battery immediately adjacent to the heating plate to both sides, with a total of 6 thermal runaway batteries. The temperature of the thermal runaway battery is reduced by more than 100 ℃ after LN injection under the same conditions, and the peak temperature is reduced by more than 70 ℃, with LN cooling efficiency of 42.9% and effective utilization of 4.1%, the thermal runaway is reduced to a lower degree of severity, and the propagation is blocked. When the position of the heating plate is changed so that the LN does not directly contact the thermal runaway battery, the cooling efficiency of LN is 18.3%. The effective utilization rate is only 2.1%, which is much lower than that of the contact group, while the thermal runaway battery is warmed back up to 207 ℃, LN cannot terminate the process of thermal runaway of the battery. LN achieves the optimal inhibition effect when directly contacting the thermal runaway battery. Under overcharging conditions, there are 7 thermal runaway batteries in the battery module, and the peak temperature exceeds 345 ℃. However, the LN injection group has no thermal runaway battery, the peak temperature of the battery is 127.4 ℃, and the cooling efficiency of LN is 41.7%. LN can terminate the thermal runaway process when the voltage of the battery module drops. This work is expected to provide a research reference for suppressing thermal runaway propagation in lithium-ion battery modules.

Key words: liquid nitrogen(LN), external heating, overcharge, lithium-ion battery, thermal runaway propagation

SHI Bobo, SHEN Wangzhaonan, WANG Zhi, RUAN Hui, LIU Hang. Liquid nitrogen suppresses thermal runaway of lithium-ion battery modules under external heating and overcharge[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2023, 33(10): 129-136.

Figures/Tables 16

Fig.1

Fig.2

Tab.1

Fig.3

Fig.4

Tab.2

Key parameters of battery module thermal runaway (condition 1)

电池编号	θ₀ / ℃	θ_k / ℃	θ_max / ℃	Δ $t i → i + 1$ / s	v / (mm·s^-1)
2	84.9	141.4	295.6	4 361 (2→4号)	0.011
4	118.9	188.7	291.8	3 682 (4→6号)	0.013
6	135.6	183.9	269.1	—	—
1	87.5	139	280	6 798 (1→3号)	0.007
3	107.1	205	275.1	2 187 (3→5号)	0.022
5	128.7	161.6	295.6	—	—
7	127	—	—	—	—

Tab.2

Fig.5

Tab.3

Fig.6

Fig.7

Tab.4

Fig.8

Fig.9

Fig.10

Fig.11

Tab.5

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工况序号	热失控触发方式	热失控触发位置	注氮量/ kg
1	加热	电池1、2号中间	0
2	加热	电池1、2号中间	13
3	加热	电池5、7号中间	13
4	过充	电池1—7号	0
5	过充	电池1—7号	13

电池编号	Q_d /kJ	Q_d,h /kJ	ε_e /%	ε_u/%	状态
2	207.2	356.2	42.9	4.1	热失控
1	149.0	356.2	42.9	4.1	安全阀打开

电池编号	Q_d /kJ	Q_d,h /kJ	ε_e /%	ε_u/%	状态
7	0	184.5	18.3	2.1	热失控
5	184.5	184.5	18.3	2.1	热失控

电池编号	Q_d /kJ	Q_d,h /kJ	ε_e /%	ε_u /%	状态
6	116.4	661.2	41.7	7.5	安全阀打开
4	147.0
2	53.1
1	124.0
3	45.4
5	112.0
7	63.3