Influence of classroom structure layout on evacuation efficiency of young primary school students

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0526

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to improve the evacuation efficiency of the teaching building, the classroom structure was optimized through control experiments and numerical simulations to enhance evacuation efficiency. Emergency evacuation tests were used to obtain the movement characteristics of students aged 6-7 years old. And Pathfinder simulation software was used to study the impact of desk layout, classroom door position, and exit position on evacuation. The results indicate that for a single classroom, although shortening the pre-action time can reduce the overall evacuation time, it cannot improve the congestion caused by the building structure. Appropriate evacuation routes and desk layouts can significantly reduce evacuation time. For buildings with classrooms on one side of the corridor, increasing the width of the corridor and exit is the most effective way to improve evacuation efficiency. For buildings with classrooms on both sides of the corridor, the structure of the evacuation corridor inside the building, including the number of corridors and the intersections inside the corridors, is the most important factor affecting evacuation time. Therefore, it is recommended to develop optimization plans for classroom evacuation structure from different aspects.

Key words: classroom structure, young elementary school students, evacuation efficiency, desk layout, exit location

CLC Number:

X928.03事故预防与预测

WANG Jun, HU Yanghui, CHEN Xianfeng, SUN Xuxu. Influence of classroom structure layout on evacuation efficiency of young primary school students[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025, 35(1): 163-170.

Figures/Tables 14

Fig.1

Table 1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Table 2

Fig.4

Fig.5

Table 3

Fig.6

Fig.7

Fig.8

Fig.9

Fig.10

Fig.11

References 15

[1]	李之红. 基于差异化个体特性的密集客流疏散行为分析与建模[D]. 北京: 北京交通大学, 2017.
	LI Zhihong. Analyzing and modelling evacuation behavior for intensive passenger flow based on the differentiation of individual features[D]. Beijing: Beijing Jiaotong University, 2017.
[2]	CAMPBELL R. Structure fires in educational properties[R]. National Fire Protection Association, 2017.
[3]	ZHANG Yongling, ZHOU Xiaobing. The occurrence laws of campus stampede accidents in China and its prevention and control measures[J]. Natural Hazards, 2017, 87(2):659-673.
[4]	HAMILTON G N, LENNON P F, O'RAW J. Toward fire safe schools: analysis of modelling speed and specific flow of children during evacuation drills[J]. Fire Technology, 2020, 56(2):605-638.
[5]	YAO Yishu, LU Wei. Children's evacuation behavioural data of drills and simulation of the horizontal plane in kindergarten[J]. Safety Science, 2021, 133:DOI:10.1016/j.ssci.2020.105037.
[6]	NAJMANOVÁ H, RONCHI E. An experimental data-set on pre-school children evacuation[J]. Fire Technology, 2017, 53(4):1509-1533.
[7]	CUESTA A, GWYNNE S. The collection and compilation of school evacuation data for model use[J]. Safety Science, 2016, 84:24-36.
[8]	HAMILTON G N, LENNON P F, O'RAW J. Human behaviour during evacuation of primary schools: investigations on pre-evacuation times, movement on stairways and movement on the horizontal plane[J]. Fire Safety Journal, 2017, 91:937-946.
[9]	ZHU Kongjin, SHI Qin. Experimental study on choice behavior of pedestrians during building evacuation[J]. Procedia Engineering, 2016, 135:207-216.
[10]	CHEN Liang, TANG Tieqiao, HUANG Haijun, et al. Elementary students' evacuation route choice in a classroom: a questionnaire-based method[J]. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 2018, 492:1066-1074.
[11]	SHEN Yang, WANG Qingsong, YAN Weigang, et al. Evacuation processes of different genders in different visibility conditions-an experimental study[J]. Procedia Engineering, 2014, 71:65-74.
[12]	VANUMU L D, ARYA A, GADDAM H K, et al. Modelling emergency evacuation of classroom with different age profiles[J]. Collective Dynamics, 2020, 5:374-381.
[13]	GB 50099—2011, 中小学校设计规范[S].
	GB 50099-2011, Design code for primary and secondary schools[S].
[14]	BOLTES M, SEYFRIED A, STEFFEN B, et al. Automatic extraction of pedestrian trajectories from video recordings[M]. Heidelberg, Germany Springer, 2010: 43-54.
[15]	LI Wenhang, LI Yi, YU Ping, et al. Modeling, simulation and analysis of the evacuation process on stairs in a multi-floor classroom building of a primary school[J]. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 2017, 469:157-172.

参数	值
移动速度/(m·s^-1)	max=3.83;min=1.79
加速时间/s	1.5
减速因子	0.7
持续时间/s	0.5
碰撞响应时间/s	1.0
慢速系数	0.05
壁面边界层/m	0
舒适距离/m	0

布局序号	描述
布局1	基本布局如图3a所示
布局2	从左到右面向黑板的第四列课桌与第三列合并,使靠近门的走道宽度增加到0.75m,如图3b所示
布局3	第三列课桌并入第二列,使靠近门口的走道宽度增加到1.20m,如图3c所示
布局4	第四列和第三列课桌合并到第二列,使靠近门口的走道宽度增加到1.35m,如图3d所示
布局5	第三列和第二列课桌合并到第一列,使靠近门口的走道宽度增加到1.80m,如图3e所示
布局6	第四列、第三列和第二列课桌合并到第一列,使靠近门口的走道宽度增加到1.95m,如图3f所示

序号	描述
E1	出口位于走廊的左端,出口中点的离散值为0
E2	出口位于走廊右端,出口中点的离散值为45
E3	出口位于第一间教室对面,出口中点的离散值为4.5
E4	出口位于第二间教室对面,出口中点的离散值为13.5
E5	出口位于第三间教室对面,出口中点的离散值为22.5