大安全学基础理论研究

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.08.1814

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为构建大安全学基础理论,综合运用文献调查法、资料统计法、逻辑演绎法、模型分析法等,开展系统性研究。首先,梳理近十余年大安全领域相关理论的研究历程及特点;其次,从多视角界定大安全的定义、内涵和特征,归纳其基础概念群与体系,构成大安全学的学科群;最后,归纳一种大安全学的研究范式及大安全原理的层次和类型,并针对预设场景构建2个大安全模型及其相关定义。研究结果明确了大安全的范畴及辨识准则;提炼出支撑大安全状态学、大安全元理学、大安全内因学、大安全系统学、大安全天灾学、大安全人祸学、大安全外因学、大安全防治学、大安全综合学和大安全边际学这10类大安全学科群的10组核心概念群,并界定了大安全学科群的定义和范畴;梳理形成一种大安全学的研究范式和大安全原理的分类体系,构建了适用于典型场景的建模方法和2个代表性模型。

关键词: 大安全, 大安全学, 概念群, 大安全原理, 大安全模型

Abstract:

In order to construct the fundamental theory of macrosecurisafetyology (which combines the meanings of security & safety science for the large-scale issues), combined methods of literature review, data statistics, logical deduction and model analysis, etc. were used in this investigation. First, the research process and characteristics on the relevant theory of macrosecurisafety (which means the integrated security & safety for the large-scale issues) in the past decade were reviewed. Then, definitions, connotation, and characteristics of macrosecurisafety were given from multi perspectives, and a group of the basic concepts and their systems of macrosecurisafetyology were put forward. The disciplinary group that constitutes macrosecurisafetyology was built, and a research paradigm and principles of macrosecurisafetyology were summarized. Two macrosecurisafety models and their related definitions were built according to two scenarios. The research results clarify the scope and identification criteria of macrosecurisafety, extract 10 sets of core concept groups supporting 10 macrosecurisafetyology subjects, including macrosecurisafety state studies, macrosecurisafety meta principle studies, macrosecurisafety internal cause studies, macrosecurisafety system studies, macrosecurisafety natural disaster studies, macrosecurisafety man-made disaster studies, macrosecurisafety external cause studies, macrosecurisafety prevention and control studies, macrosecurisafety comprehensive studies, and macrosecurisafety marginal studies, providing their definitions and scopes for these macrosecurisafetyology subjects, form a research paradigm and classification for macrosecurisafetyology principles, and obtain a modeling method and two typical models for macrosecurisafetyology. The above results play an important role in consolidating the foundation of macrosecurisafetyology.

Key words: macrosecurisafety, macrosecurisafetyology, concept group, macrosecurisafety principles, macrosecurisafety models

中图分类号:

吴超. 大安全学基础理论研究[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2025, 35(8): 1-13.

WU Chao. Research on fundamental theory of macrosecurisafetyology[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025, 35(8): 1-13.

图/表 7

表1

不同视角和视域下的大安全定义

视角或视域	大安全的定义	主要特点及说明
英文safety和security一体化,即2大类安全一体化	囊括人类无意(意外)和故意(恶意)造成事故灾难的综合安全	一类安全主要涉及非故意引发的事故灾难问题,另一类安全主要涉及有意引发的事故灾难问题。该定义具体表征了由这2大类典型人因导致的综合安全问题。但2类事故灾难可大可小,将很小的事故归入大安全不太恰当
中文“大+安全”	比小安全大的综合安全问题,通常指规模较大的综合安全	由于大与小是相对而言的,该定义没有确定性,缺乏实际意义;此外,其对肇事性质(故意与非故意)的界定不明确
多灾种的数量	涉及2种及以上灾难叠加形成的综合安全	例如:地震与台风灾害同时发生在同一地区、饥荒与战争同时发生在同一地区、火灾与爆炸和环境污染同时发生在同一地区等。该定义对肇事性质(故意与非故意)的界定不明确
灾难结果的规模	涉及灾难损失或伤亡超过某一标准的综合安全	例如:以《安全生产法》规定的重大事故及以上等级作为大安全的界定标准。该定义下的大安全在常态下无法界定
灾难的尺度	涉及发生灾难的强度超过某一尺度值的综合安全	例如:以火灾面积、地震烈度、受灾居民数量等指标作为界定是否属于大安全问题的依据。该定义下的大安全在常态下无法界定
多部门合作情况	需要2个及以上组织机构协同处理的综合安全	例如:需公安部门、国家安全部门、应急管理部门、卫生部门、环境部门等多机构联合应对的安全问题
跨地区情况	需要多地区协同合作的综合安全	涉及2个及以上省、市、县等协同合作的大安全问题,通常具有复杂综合性
系统学的系统概念	复杂系统或巨系统的综合安全	例如:大城市系统、国家系统、全球互联网系统等层面的安全问题
涉及主体的数量	涉及人数众多且具有多样性的综合安全	涉及人员数量庞大、构成性质复杂、类型多元等特征的安全问题
复合视角和视域	囊括上面多种情况的综合安全	例如:同时混合无意致因、故意致因、多灾种叠加、跨地区影响、跨部门协作、庞大复杂系统、后果严重等多重属性的综合安全问题

表1

图1

表2

大安全学第1—3层概念群的具体概念

层次	概念群	主要概念
第1层	大安全状态学概念群(13个)	安全、安全感、可靠性、安全韧性、安全功能、事故、危险、风险、威胁、损失、损害、伤害、伤亡(部分概念的主观和客观的分析见第4部分)
	大安全元理学概念群(17个)	属性、安全属性、安全自然属性、安全社会属性、安全综合属性、安全现象、安全规律、安全本体论、安全认识论^[32]、本质安全、事件、安全事件、正安全事件、负安全事件、元事物、正元事物、负元事物^[33](部分概念的主观和客观的分析见第4部分)
	大安全内因学概念群(15个)	生命、安全观、安全人性、安全意识、安全愿景、安全伦理、安全道德、安全认知、安全知识、安全习惯、安全行为、安全心理、安全生理、安全技能、安全素养
	大安全系统学概念群(26个)	安全科学学、安全学科、安全哲学、安全理论、安全原理、安全方法、安全模型、组织、安全组织、系统、巨系统、负系统、安全系统、体系、安全体系、安全复杂性、安全运筹、安全关联、安全比较、安全统计、安全分析、安全结构、安全秩序、安全涌现、负系统学^[34]、安全系统学
第2层	大安全天灾学概念群(20个)	灾害、地震、洪涝、台风、干旱、虫灾、泥石流、极端天气、全球变暖、火灾、爆炸、雷电、坠落、坍塌、污染、中毒、传染病、噪声、沙尘、辐射
	大安全人祸学概念群(26个)	武装、武器、保密、隐藏、泄密、病毒、毒品、核威胁、对抗、斗争、博弈、稳定、危机、破坏、抢劫、恐袭、舆情、案件、侵犯、犯法、犯罪、战略、战术、警情、侵略、颠覆^[35]
	大安全外因学概念群(13个)	危险源、隐患、能量、机器、物质、信息、安全信息、情报、安全情报、环境、安全环境、资源、安全资源
	大安全防治学概念群(42个)	信仰、平安、公安、保安、治安、预案、应急、警务、侦查、认证、救援、防灾、减灾、危险辨识、事故预防、安全预测、安全决策、安全评价、安全模拟、安全设计、安全规划、安全投入、安全效益、安全措施、安全控制、安全管理、安全治理、安全法规、安全文化、安全教育、安全人才、安全职业、安全系统工程、技术、工程、保障、可持续、保险、卫生、绿色、环保、保健
第3层	大安全综合学概念群(19个)	大安全、世界和平、全球安全、人类安全、国家安全、公共安全、网络安全、交通安全、城市安全、生产安全、生活安全、安全文明、未来安全、自然空间安全、人造空间安全、社会空间安全、生物空间安全、信息空间安全、宇宙空间安全^[36]
第3层	大安全边际学概念群(20个)	对象、范畴、预设、时间、空间、主体、客体、动态、静态、微观、中观、宏观、短期、中期、长期、交叉、模糊、混沌、社会、网络

表2

图2

图3

图4

图5

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