合成气燃爆特性及其惰化抑爆研究综述

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.09.0319

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为系统总结合成气燃爆危险性及惰化抑爆技术进展,基于近20年国内外文献,归纳分析合成气点火敏感性、爆炸动力学、反应机制及抑爆方法。首先,总结爆炸极限、最小点火能(MIE)和点火延迟时间(IDT)等参数变化特征,分析H₂含量、温度、压力和湍流的影响;其次,综述爆炸压力、压升速率、层流燃烧速度及火焰传播行为,讨论组分比例、边界条件和空间结构的作用;再次,从反应动力学角度归纳H₂/CO氧化的主要反应路径及关键自由基作用,分析多因素耦合下微观机制与宏观特征的关联;最后,总结N₂/CO₂惰化、细水雾、化学抑爆剂及复合抑爆技术,比较不同方法的适用条件。研究表明:H₂含量升高通常增强反应活性并提高燃爆危险性;CO₂整体惰化效果优于N₂;复合抑爆体系因多机制协同获得更好的综合防控效果。当前研究在多因素耦合机制、统一评价体系、预测模型普适性和工程验证方面仍存在不足,未来应加强多场耦合研究,建立标准化评价体系,推动防控技术向智能化和工程化发展。

关键词: 合成气, 燃爆特性, 惰化, 抑爆, 爆炸极限, 爆炸压力, 火焰传播

Abstract:

A systematic analysis is conducted on the ignition sensitivity, explosion kinetics, and oxidation mechanisms of syngas, as well as advances in inerting and explosion suppression technologies, based on two decades of global research findings.The variations in key ignition parameters (explosion limits, minimum ignition energy (MIE), and ignition delay time (IDT)) are explored to clarify the impacts of hydrogen fraction, temperature, pressure, and turbulence on syngas ignition performance. Corresponding explosion behaviors, including explosion pressure, pressure rise rate, laminar burning velocity, and flame propagation, are investigated to reveal the effects of component ratio, boundary conditions, and spatial structure on explosion kinetics. The dominant H₂/CO oxidation pathways and critical free radical reactions are summarized to clarify the correlation between microscopic mechanisms and macroscopic explosion characteristics under multi-factor coupling. N₂/CO₂ inerting, water mist, chemical suppressants, and composite suppression technologies are also reviewed, and their technical characteristics and applicable conditions are compared. The results show that higher hydrogen content enhances syngas reactivity and explosion risks. CO₂ presents better inerting performance than N₂, and composite suppression systems realize optimal explosion mitigation through multi-mechanism synergy.Existing studies have limitations in multi-factor coupling mechanism cognition, unified evaluation criteria, model universality, and engineering-scale validation. Future research should focus on multi-field coupling analysis under complex conditions, establish standardized evaluation systems, and promote the intelligent and engineering application of syngas explosion prevention technologies.

Key words: syngas, combustion-explosion characteristics, inerting, explosion suppression, flammability limits, explosion pressure, flame propagation

中图分类号:

X932爆炸安全与防火、防爆

罗振敏, 郝若琳, 苏彬, 刘利涛, 刘璐, 王涛. 合成气燃爆特性及其惰化抑爆研究综述[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2026, 36(9): 1-8.

Luo Zhenmin, Hao Ruolin, Su Bin, Liu Litao, Liu Lu, Wang Tao. Review on explosion hazard characteristics of syngas and its inerting suppression technology[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2026, 36(9): 1-8.

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物理量变化	典型趋势	主要原因
初始温度↑	早期超压上升加快,P_max↓	反应速率↑但气体密度↓、单位体积放热量↓
初始压力↑	P_max近似线性↑, (dP/dt)_max↑	分子数密度↑、有效碰撞与总放热↑
湍流↑	(dP/dt)_max大幅↑, P_max变化小	火焰褶皱/面积↑, 能量更集中释放
热值↑	爆炸热效应、最高爆炸温度、P_max↑	单位体积化学能增加

因素/作用	宏观表现	微观机制
H₂比例↑	LFL下降、IDT缩短、 S_L和压升率提高	快速建立·H/·O/ ·OH自由基池
CO比例↑	燃烧持续性增强, IDT延长倾向	依赖OH氧化并竞争消耗OH
初始压力↑	IDT缩短;P_max和 (dP/dt)_max↑;S_L↓	碰撞强化,自由基稳态体积分数降低
湍流↑	混合均匀、燃速提高;过强时抑制燃烧	增大反应面积;高强度下导致火焰破碎

抑爆/惰化方式	主要协同机制	关键控制参数	典型效应	适用边界与局限
N₂惰化	稀释氧体积分数+吸热	添加体积分数、混合均匀性、温压条件	降低P_max、(dP/dt)_max, 提高MOC	工艺成熟,但通常需较高添加量
CO₂惰化	稀释+更强吸热+ 一定化学抑制	体积分数、H₂比例、温压条件	整体优于N₂,MOC 提高更明显	高体积分数可能影响工艺品质
细水雾	蒸发吸热+稀释+ 冷却火焰	粒径、反应物体积分数、喷射时序	降低火焰温度、速度和超压	受空间流场与布雾均匀性影响大
多孔材料	导热吸热+淬熄+ 扰流	孔隙率、孔隙势指数、布置	削弱火焰传播、降低超压	某些条件下可能诱导湍流促进燃烧
CF₃I等化学剂	自由基捕获终止链反应	反应物体积分数、分散均匀性	小剂量高效抑爆	成本、环境与兼容性需考虑
碳酸氢盐粉剂/气溶胶	热分解吸热+碱金属自由基捕获	粒径、反应物体积分数、沉降特性	显著降低P_max 和压升率	易沉降,工程实施复杂
N₂/CO₂+超细水雾	稀释+吸热+ 冷却协同	惰化体积分数、水雾粒径和时序	ΔP_max降幅可达69.8%~ 74.4%,T降43%~52%	系统复杂度增加
细水雾+KCl+ CO₂/N₂	冷却+盐类化学抑制+ 气体惰化	复配比例、喷射方式	综合抑制显著优于单一手段	配方与喷射匹配要求高
CO₂+CF₃I	物理惰化+自由基捕获	组分比例、工况匹配	在较低剂量下实现高效抑爆	成本和环境适配需综合评估