城市公共服务视角下职业病危害现状评价

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.S2.0037

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为提高我国职业健康管理的综合效能,有效维护劳动者身心健康,以城市中某生物质能企业为例,开展职业病危害现状评估。采用现场调查、定点监测与检查表分析相结合的评价方法,依据《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值第1部分:化学有害因素》及《建设项目职业病危害控制效果评价导则》等相关标准,对原料处理、焚烧发电到烟气净化等全流程中存在的粉尘、化学毒物、噪声及高温等职业病危害因素进行全面辨识与定量评估;同时,综合评价企业所采取的工程防护、个体防护、职业健康管理制度、应急救援体系及健康监护的实施情况。结果表明:该企业工作场所各类危害因素的浓度或强度均低于国家职业接触限值;现有防护设施布局合理、运行正常,连续3年定期监测数据稳定达标;职业健康管理各主要环节符合法规要求,近年来未发生职业病病例及急性职业中毒事件。评价方法与结果经过企业多年运行实践验证,具备一定的科学性与有效性,可为同类企业职业病危害防控提供参考。

关键词: 职业健康, 职业病危害, 现状评价, 定点监测, 检查表

Abstract:

To enhance the overall effectiveness of occupational health management in China and effectively safeguard the physical and mental well-being of workers, an assessment of occupational disease hazards was conducted using a biomass energy enterprise in an urban setting as a case study. The evaluation method combined on-site investigation, fixed-point monitoring, and checklist analysis. Based on relevant standards such as Occupational Exposure Limits for Harmful Factors in the Workplace Part 1: Chemical Harmful Factors and Guidelines for Evaluating the Control Effect of Occupational Disease Hazards in Construction Projects, a comprehensive identification and quantitative assessment of occupational disease hazard factors—including dust, chemical toxicants, noise, and high temperatures—was carried out throughout the entire process from raw material handling, waste incineration power generation, to flue gas purification. Simultaneously, a comprehensive evaluation was conducted on the implementation status of engineering protection, personal protective equipment, occupational health management system, emergency response system, and health monitoring measures taken by the enterprise. The results show that the concentrations or intensities of all hazard factors in the workplace of this enterprise are all below the national occupational exposure limits. The existing protective facilities are reasonably arranged and operate effectively, with stable compliance in periodic monitoring data over the past three years. All major aspects of occupational health management comply with regulatory requirements, and there have been no reported cases of occupational diseases or acute occupational poisoning incidents in recent years. The evaluation methods and results have been validated through years of operational practice by the enterprise, demonstrating a certain level of scientific validity and effectiveness. This can serve as a reference for similar enterprises in their prevention and control of occupational disease hazards.

Key words: occupational health, occupational disease hazards, current situation assessment, fixed-point monitoring, checklist

中图分类号:

X961

李航, 李长明. 城市公共服务视角下职业病危害现状评价[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2025, 35(S2): 239-244.

LI Hang, LI Changming. Current status assessment of occupational disease hazards from perspective of urban public services[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025, 35(S2): 239-244.

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序号	名称	时间加权平均容许浓度/(mg·m^-3)
序号	名称	总尘	呼尘
1	其他粉尘	8	—
2	活性炭粉尘	5	—
3	电焊烟尘	4	—
4	砂轮磨尘	8	—

序号	样品种类	游离二氧化硅含量/%
1	焚烧发电单元、烟气净化单元、飞灰储间放灰口巡检位等	1.06
2	焚烧发电单元除渣单元炉渣装车巡检位	7.24

接触时间	接触限值/ dB(A)	备注
5 d/w=8 h/d	85	对于非稳态噪声, 需8 h等效声级
5 d/w≠8 h/d	85	计算8 h等效声级
≠5 d/w	85	计算40 h等效声级

紫外光谱分类	8 h职业接触限值
紫外光谱分类	辐照度/ (μW·cm^-2)	照射量/ (mJ·cm^-2)
中波紫外线(280 nm≤λ<315 nm)	0.26	3.7
短波紫外线(100 nm≤λ<280 nm)	0.13	1.8
电焊弧光	0.24	3.5