超高海拔隧道施工人员生理指标变化及劳动强度研究

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.1748

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为评估超高海拔隧道施工人员劳动强度,采用理论分析法确定施工人员劳动强度评价指标,并依托某超高海拔隧道采用可穿戴设备监测分析不同工序施工过程中人员生理指标变化,进而计算不同工序人员劳动强度及劳动效率。研究结果表明:不同工序施工人员劳动过程中生理指标变化存在明显区别,其中,二衬钢筋布设人员心血管负荷超过卫生限值,机械操作人员血氧饱和度(SpO₂)低于规范值;超高海拔隧道二衬钢筋布设劳动强度为Ⅴ级,底板施工与仰拱钢筋绑扎劳动强度等级为Ⅲ级,二衬防水布铺设与机械操作人员劳动强度等级为Ⅱ级;海拔4 700 m时,隧道施工人员劳动效率仅为平原地区的76%~88%;完成与平原地区相同的工作量,相应工序的人工工日消耗需要增加13.63%~31.58%。

关键词: 超高海拔隧道, 施工人员, 生理指标, 劳动强度, 劳动效率

Abstract:

To assess the labor intensity of construction personnel in ultra-high-altitude tunnels, this study employed theoretical analysis to define evaluation indicators and used wearable devices to monitor physiological changes during various construction phases in a specific ultra-high-altitude tunnel. Subsequently, labor intensity and efficiency of different tasks were calculated. Results reveal that the physiological indicators of different tasks are significantly different. Specifically, cardiovascular loads of the workers installing secondary lining steel bars exceed the hygienic limits, and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂) levels of the mechanical operators is lower than the standard values. Labor intensity is classified as Grade V for installing secondary lining steel bars, Grade III for bottom plate construction and arch steel bar binding, and Grade II for installing secondary lining waterproof cloth and for mechanical operations. At an altitude of 4 700 meters, the labor efficiency ranges only from 76% to 88% compared to the plain areas. To match the workload in the plain areas, the labor input must be increased by approximately 13.63% to 31.58% depending on the process.

Key words: ultra-high-altitude tunnel, construction workers, physiological indicators, labor intensity, labor efficiency

中图分类号:

X912安全生理学

赵树磊, 孙兵, 陈稳干, 徐寅峰, 王俊峰, 郭春. 超高海拔隧道施工人员生理指标变化及劳动强度研究[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2024, 34(4): 239-246.

ZHAO Shulei, SUN Bing, CHEN Wengan, XU Yinfeng, WANG Junfeng, GUO Chun. Physiological indicators and labor intensity of tunnel construction workers at ultra-high altitude[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024, 34(4): 239-246.

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体力劳动强度级别	体力劳动强度指数	评价
Ⅰ	I≤15	轻
Ⅱ	15<I≤20	中
Ⅲ	20<I≤25	重
Ⅳ	25<I≤30	很重
Ⅴ	I >30	极重

项目	测量范围	精度
肺通气量/(L·min^-1)	0~300	2%或者0.05 L/min
摄氧量/(L·min^-1)	0~7	3%或者0.05 L/min
呼吸交换率	0.6~2.0	4%

测试工序	测试人数	年龄	BMI/(kg·m^-2)
二衬钢筋布设	5	38.5±5.4	23.3±1.7
二衬防水布铺设	5	44.6±4.5	21.9±1.8
仰拱钢筋绑扎	5	43.0±5.9	21.7±2.6
底板施工	5	40.0±6.8	20.7±1.8
机械操作手	5	36.4±2.9	21.3±2.6

分级	CVL	警报等级	工作方式
Ⅰ	[0,0.30)	无危险	无特别危险
Ⅱ	[0.30,0.60)	注意	建议采取改进措施
Ⅲ	[0.60,1.00)	警戒	短期内采取必要措施
Ⅳ	≥1.00	危险	不允许,必须立即采取必要措施

劳动工序	CVL	警报分级
二衬钢筋布设	1.055±0.14	危险
二衬防水布铺设	0.928±0.09	警戒
底板施工	0.466±0.016	注意
仰拱钢筋绑扎	0.154±0.019	无危险
机械操作手	0.028±0.007	无危险