教室结构布局对低龄小学生疏散效率的影响

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0526

中国安全科学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (1): 163-170.doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0526

教室结构布局对低龄小学生疏散效率的影响

王珺¹(), 胡杨慧²^,³, 陈先锋¹, 孙绪绪¹^,^**()

¹ 武汉理工大学安全科学与应急管理学院,湖北武汉 430070
² 辽宁警察学院治安管理系, 辽宁大连 116036
³ 中国科学技术大学火灾科学国家重点实验室,安徽合肥 230026

收稿日期:2024-08-14 修回日期:2024-10-18 出版日期:2025-01-28
通信作者:
**孙绪绪(1994—),男,安徽宿州人,博士,教授,主要从事火焰传播动力学及风险防控技术方面的研究。E-mail:xuxusun@whut.edu.cn。
作者简介:
王珺 (1982—),女,湖北黄冈人,硕士,讲师,主要从事安全应急管理及国防科研管理方面的研究。E-mail: 9805@whut.edu.cn。
胡杨慧讲师
陈先锋教授
孙绪绪教授
基金资助:
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(WK2320000050)

Influence of classroom structure layout on evacuation efficiency of young primary school students

WANG Jun¹(), HU Yanghui²^,³, CHEN Xianfeng¹, SUN Xuxu¹^,^**()

¹ School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan Hubei 430070, China
² Department of Public Security Management, Liaoning Police College, Dalian Liaoning 116036, China
³ State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230026, China

Received:2024-08-14 Revised:2024-10-18 Published:2025-01-28

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为提高低龄小学生在教学楼的疏散效率,采用紧急疏散试验获取6~7岁学生的运动特征,并使用Pathfinder模拟软件研究课桌布局、教室门位置和出口位置对疏散的影响,通过控制试验和数值模拟优化教室结构。结果表明: 对于单个教室,虽然缩短预先行动时间可减少总体疏散时间,但无法改善由建筑结构造成的拥堵。适当的疏散路径和课桌布局可显著减少疏散时间,对于走廊一侧有教室的建筑,提高走廊宽度和出口宽度是提高疏散效率最有效的方法;对于走廊两侧有教室的建筑,建筑内疏散走廊的结构,包括走廊数量和走廊内的交叉口,是影响疏散时间的最重要因素,因此,建议从不同方面制定优化教室疏散结构的方案。

关键词: 教室结构, 低龄小学生, 疏散效率, 课桌布局, 出口位置

Abstract:

In order to improve the evacuation efficiency of the teaching building, the classroom structure was optimized through control experiments and numerical simulations to enhance evacuation efficiency. Emergency evacuation tests were used to obtain the movement characteristics of students aged 6-7 years old. And Pathfinder simulation software was used to study the impact of desk layout, classroom door position, and exit position on evacuation. The results indicate that for a single classroom, although shortening the pre-action time can reduce the overall evacuation time, it cannot improve the congestion caused by the building structure. Appropriate evacuation routes and desk layouts can significantly reduce evacuation time. For buildings with classrooms on one side of the corridor, increasing the width of the corridor and exit is the most effective way to improve evacuation efficiency. For buildings with classrooms on both sides of the corridor, the structure of the evacuation corridor inside the building, including the number of corridors and the intersections inside the corridors, is the most important factor affecting evacuation time. Therefore, it is recommended to develop optimization plans for classroom evacuation structure from different aspects.

Key words: classroom structure, young elementary school students, evacuation efficiency, desk layout, exit location

中图分类号:

X928.03事故预防与预测

王珺, 胡杨慧, 陈先锋, 孙绪绪. 教室结构布局对低龄小学生疏散效率的影响[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2025, 35(1): 163-170.

WANG Jun, HU Yanghui, CHEN Xianfeng, SUN Xuxu. Influence of classroom structure layout on evacuation efficiency of young primary school students[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025, 35(1): 163-170.

图/表 14

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参数	值
移动速度/(m·s^-1)	max=3.83;min=1.79
加速时间/s	1.5
减速因子	0.7
持续时间/s	0.5
碰撞响应时间/s	1.0
慢速系数	0.05
壁面边界层/m	0
舒适距离/m	0

布局序号	描述
布局1	基本布局如图3a所示
布局2	从左到右面向黑板的第四列课桌与第三列合并,使靠近门的走道宽度增加到0.75m,如图3b所示
布局3	第三列课桌并入第二列,使靠近门口的走道宽度增加到1.20m,如图3c所示
布局4	第四列和第三列课桌合并到第二列,使靠近门口的走道宽度增加到1.35m,如图3d所示
布局5	第三列和第二列课桌合并到第一列,使靠近门口的走道宽度增加到1.80m,如图3e所示
布局6	第四列、第三列和第二列课桌合并到第一列,使靠近门口的走道宽度增加到1.95m,如图3f所示

序号	描述
E1	出口位于走廊的左端,出口中点的离散值为0
E2	出口位于走廊右端,出口中点的离散值为45
E3	出口位于第一间教室对面,出口中点的离散值为4.5
E4	出口位于第二间教室对面,出口中点的离散值为13.5
E5	出口位于第三间教室对面,出口中点的离散值为22.5

教室结构布局对低龄小学生疏散效率的影响

Influence of classroom structure layout on evacuation efficiency of young primary school students

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