本质安全、行为安全、过程安全与功能安全的比较研究: 基于安全管理范式转换

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.1045

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为阐明本质安全、行为安全、过程安全与功能安全的本质特征与区别联系,促进高质量发展和高水平安全良性互动,运用文献综述法与比较分析法,基于安全管理范式转换视角探析四者的基本内涵与演进历程、相互关系、现实挑战与发展路径。结果表明: 本质安全象征着安全的理想化存在形式,行为安全是涉及安全科学与行为科学等学科理论与方法的一门交叉性学问,过程安全在全生命周期内运用系统性方法保护人类、机械设备与环境,功能安全旨在避免由系统功能性故障导致的不可接受的风险;四者以本质安全为引领,涉及从理念到实践的有序发展。内在构成统一,均涵盖人、机、环、管要素。现行的代表性规范所涉及的行业领域广泛且核心在于事故预防;未来应充分发挥四者的安全治理合力,运用人工智能技术赋能安全生产新引擎,推动四者在因地制宜的具体实践中持续完善。

关键词: 本质安全, 行为安全, 过程安全, 功能安全, 范式转换

Abstract:

To clarify the essential characteristics and differences between inherent safety, behavior-based safety, process safety, and functional safety and to promote a virtuous cycle of high-quality development and high-level safety, this study employed literature review and comparative analysis methods to explore their basic connotations and evolution processes, interrelationships, realistic challenges, and development paths based on the safety management paradigm shift. The results indicate that inherent safety is an idealized form of safety. Behavior-based safety is an interdisciplinary field that involves the theories and methods of safety science and behavioral science. Process safety protects humans, machines, and the environment through systematic approaches from a full life cycle perspective. Functional safety aims at preventing unacceptable risks caused by functional failures of systems. The four types of safety, led by inherent safety, involve a gradual progression from concepts to practice. These types of safety share a unified internal structure encompassing the elements of humans, machines, environment and management. The current representative standards cover various industry sectors and focus on accident prevention. In the future, the synergistic effect of the four in safety governance should be fully utilized. By using artificial intelligence technology to empower the new engine of safety production, the four should be continuously improved in specific practices tailored to local conditions.

Key words: inherent safety, behavior-based safety, process safety, functional safety, paradigm shift

中图分类号:

X913安全系统学

佟瑞鹏, 王露露, 许素睿, 王智浩, 连芳菲. 本质安全、行为安全、过程安全与功能安全的比较研究: 基于安全管理范式转换[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2025, 35(1): 7-15.

TONG Ruipeng, WANG Lulu, XU Surui, WANG Zhihao, LIAN Fangfei. Comparative study of inherent safety, behavior-based safety, process safety and functional safety based on safety management paradigm shift[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025, 35(1): 7-15.

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名称	视角	涵义
本质安全	危险源	消除危险源而不是接受和管理危险源^[7-8]
本质安全	系统	通过设计等手段使生产设备或生产系统本身具有安全性,即使在错误操作或发生故障的情况下也不会造成事故^[9]
行为安全	安全心理	关注于个体的安全相关行为,分析其为什么这样做,继而研究相应策略以改善个体行为^[10]
行为安全	安全管理	从安全文化建设到个人不安全动作解决的一整套事故预防理论和方法,具体涵盖了事故及其损失的统计与分析、组织不安全物态的解决、组织运行及指导行为的解决、个人不安全动作及习惯性行为的解决等一系列内容^[11]
过程安全	全生命周期	通过应用良好的设计原则、工程和操作实践,对处理危险物质的操作系统和完整流程进行管理的规范性框架^[12]
		如何避免危险化学品及能量的意外释放,与规范操作、机械完整性与工程设计紧密相关^[13]
		一套全面、综合的管理系统,旨在帮助管理与过程危险源相关的风险,防止与过程相关的事故和伤害^[14]
功能安全	故障	不存在不可接受的健康损害或人身伤害风险,旨在将电气、电子或可编程电子设备的安全相关系统故障风险降低到可容忍的水平^[15]
功能安全	故障	不存在因电子/电气系统故障行为引发的危险源所造成的不合理风险^[16]

类别	规范名称	颁布机构	行业领域	发布日期
本质安全/ 过程安全	塞维索指令Ⅲ	EU	化工	2012年
本质安全	化工过程全生命周期本质安全应用指南	CCPS	化工	2008年
本质安全	机械安全设计通则风险评估与风险减小	ISO	机械	2010年
行为安全	工作系统设计的人类工效学原则	ISO	通用	2016年
过程安全	基于风险的过程安全指南	CCPS	化工	2007年
过程安全	石油和天然气工业—海上生产装置—过程安全系统	ISO	石油和天然气	2019年
功能安全	电气/电子/可编程电子安全相关系统的功能安全	IEC	通用	2010年
	机械安全—控制系统有关安全部件第1部分:设计通则	ISO	机械	2023年
	人工智能—功能安全与人工智能系统	ISO/IEC	人工智能	2024年