Dynamic assessment of fire rescue accessibility to fuel stations in cold regions

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.1356

Abstract

Abstract:

To scientifically assess the fire rescue accessibility of fuel stations in cold regions, a dynamic accessibility assessment model incorporating both traffic congestion and icy-snowy road conditions was developed, and an empirical study was conducted using 76 fire rescue stations and 514 fuel stations in Shenyang. The results showed that the overall accessibility rate is 14.71% when only traffic congestion is considered, and decreases to 11.95%, 9.58%, and 6.70% when light, moderate, and sub-severe icy-snowy road conditions were superimposed, respectively. Regardless of road conditions, the overall accessibility rate in remote areas is significantly lower than that in central urban areas. The above findings reveal that traffic congestion and icy-snowy road conditions significantly affect fire rescue accessibility by reducing road traffic efficiency, while a spatial imbalance in fire station distribution is also reflected, with stations concentrated in the central urban area and coverage in remote areas remaining insufficient.

Key words: fuel stations, fire rescue, accessibility, dynamic assessment, traffic congestion, icy-snowy road conditions

CLC Number:

X928.7火灾与爆炸事故

Huang Yao, Yu Jiayi, Liu Dingli, Xiong Liuyuan, Liu Fubin, Tang Jiafu. Dynamic assessment of fire rescue accessibility to fuel stations in cold regions[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2026, 36(6): 246-253.

Figures/Tables 8

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig.4

Fig.5

References 23

[1]	张杉, 庞明宝, 任泊宁. 冰雪道路环境下交通流微观仿真及事故率研究[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2020, 30(1):148-154. doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2020.01.023
	Zhang Shan, Pang Mingbao, Ren Boning. Microscopic simulation and accident probability of traffic flow in ice and snow environment[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2020, 30(1):148-154. doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2020.01.023
[2]	张阳, 李勇, 党文义, 等. 典型LNG加气站泄漏事故模拟及探测覆盖率研究[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2022, 32(增刊1):108-113.
	Zhang Yang, LI Yong, Dang Wenyi, et al. Leakage accident simulation and detection coverage research of typical LNG filling stations[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2022, 32(S1):108-113. doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2022.S1.0769
[3]	范茂魁, 范红俊. 加油站火灾灭火战术措施探讨[J]. 安全与环境工程, 2010, 17(3):78-80.
	Fan Maokui, Fan Hongjun. Approaches to gas station firefighting[J]. Safety and Environmental Engineering, 2010, 17(3):78-80.
[4]	Hansen W G. How accessibility shapes land use[J]. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 1959, 25(2):73-76. doi: 10.1080/01944365908978307
[5]	詹庆明, 杨爽. 村镇应急公共设施选址布局优化研究[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2019, 21(5):641-653. doi: 10.12082/dqxxkx.2019.180487
	Zhan Qingming, Yang Shuang. Optimization of emergency facilities layout in villages[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2019, 21(5):641-653.
[6]	Xu Jing, Murray A T, Church R L, et al. Service allocation equity in location coverage analytics[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2023, 305(1):21-37. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2022.05.032
[7]	刘莉, 陈晨. 一种GIS与集合覆盖法的消防区优化布局[J]. 测绘科学, 2018, 43(9):46-51.
	Liu Li, Chen Chen. A GIS and set covering method for divison of responsiblity area of fire stations and layout optimization[J]. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2018, 43(9):46-51.
[8]	Yu Wenhao, Huang Yaya, Chen Yujie, et al. Accessibility analysis of urban fire stations within communities: a fine-scale perspective[J]. Journal of Geographical Systems, 2022, 24(4):611-640. doi: 10.1007/s10109-022-00381-x
[9]	晏风, 袁沙沙, 徐匆匆, 等. 基于GIS与网络分析协同的城市火灾风险概率评估[J]. 安全与环境学报, 2022, 22(3):1147-1153.
	Yan Feng, Yuan Shasha, Xu Congcong, et al. Study on the probability assessment of urban fire risk based on GIS coupled with network analysis[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2022, 22(3):1147-1153.
[10]	Chaudhary P, Chhetri S K, Joshi K M, et al. Application of an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in the GIS interface for suitable fire site selection: a case study from Kathmandu Metropolitan city, Nepal[J]. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 2016, 53:60-71. doi: 10.1016/j.seps.2015.10.001
[11]	Liu Dingli, Xu Zhisheng, Wang Zhengyang, et al. Estimation of effective coverage rate of fire station services based on real-time travel times[J]. Fire Safety Journal, 2020,120:DOI:10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103021.
[12]	Zhou Tian, Liu Dingli, Liu Weijun, et al. Hierarchical dynamic estimation of fire service accessibility based on POI big data[J]. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 2024,59:DOI:10.1016/J.CSITE.2024.104503.
[13]	贾丽菲, 胡蓓蓓, 马铭君, 等. 不同时段城市消防服务可达性评估及选址优化:以天津市中心城区为例[J]. 湖南师范大学自然科学学报, 2025, 48(2):128-136.
	Jia Lifei, Hu Beibei, Ma Mingjun, et al. Accessibility evaluation and location optimization of urban fire service in different periods: a case study of central urban area of Tianjin[J]. Journal of Natural Science of Hunan Normal University, 2025, 48(2):128-136.
[14]	黄遥, 熊柳源, 刘顶立, 等. 顾及动态交通路况的高速公路消防救援可达性评估[J]. 安全与环境学报, 2024, 24(9):3573-3580.
	Huang Yao, Xiong Liuyuan, Liu Dingli, et al. Assessment of expressway fire service accessibility considering dynamic traffic conditions[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2024, 24(9):3573-3580.
[15]	Yang Lili, Jones B F, Yang Shuanghua. A fuzzy multi-objective programming for optimization of fire station locations through genetic algorithms[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2007, 181(2):903-915. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2006.07.003
[16]	NFPA 1710 Standard for the organization and deployment of fire suppression operations, emergency medical operations, and special operations to the public by career fire departments[S]. 2016.
[17]	GB51080—2015 城市消防规划规范[S].
	GB51080-2015 Code for planning of urban fire control[S].
[18]	Ibrahim A T, Hall F L. Effect of adverse weather conditions on speed-flow-occupancy relationships[J]. Transportation Research Record, 1994(1457):184-191.
[19]	朱兴琳, 王宇, 邵学恒. 降雪天气下高速公路交通流特征分析[J]. 武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程版), 2016, 40(1):94-98.
	Zhu Xinglin, Wang Yu, Shao Xueheng. Analysis of traffic flow characteristics of expressway under snowfall weather conditions[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology (Transportation Science & Engineering), 2016, 40(1):94-98.
[20]	2024年统计年鉴(数据年份2023年)-年度数据-沈阳市统计局[EB/OL]. [2025-08-05]. https://tjj.shenyang.gov.cn/sjfb/ndsj/202412/t20241205_4771796.html.
[21]	刘顶立, 雷晓, 袁狄平, 等. 消防救援飞地概念及识别方法[J]. 清华大学学报(自然科学版), 2025, 65(6):1009-1018. doi: 10.16511/j.cnki.qhdxxb.2025.22.017
	Liu Dingli, Lei Xiao, Yuan Diping, et al. Concept and identification methods of fire rescue enclaves[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University (Science and Technology), 2025, 65(6):1009-1018.
[22]	Chen Yuehong, Li Yuyu, Wu Guohao, et al. Exploring spatiotemporal accessibility of urban fire services using real-time travel time[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021, 18(8): DOI:10.3390/ijerph18084200.
[23]	Chen Chen, Zhao Xiaohua, Liu Hao, et al. Assessing the influence of adverse weather on traffic flow characteristics using a driving simulator and VISSIM[J]. Sustainability, 2019, 11(3): DOI:10.3390/su11030830.

等级	响应时间/s	行程时间/s	区间描述
Ⅰ	[60,300]	[0,240]	高可达
Ⅱ	(300,480]	(240,420]	中可达
Ⅲ	(480,660]	(420,600]	低可达
Ⅳ	(660, +∞)	(600, +∞)	不可达

等级	A_o/%	等级描述
优	[90.00, 100.00]	消防救援覆盖率高,站点应对火灾风险能力强
良	[60.00, 90.00)	消防救援覆盖率较高,站点应对火灾风险能力较强
中	[10.00, 60.00)	消防救援覆盖率一般,站点应对火灾风险能力一般
差	[0.00, 10.00)	消防救援覆盖率低,站点应对火灾风险能力差

路况	冰雪系数α	路况特征	行车速度
R₀	1	无降雨、雪、结冰	无变化
S₁	0.90	小雪,雪花稀疏,路面易结少量薄冰	略微减缓
S₂	0.80	中雪,能见度降低,路面出现松软积雪层	减缓
S₃	0.60	大雪,能见度严重下降,积雪压实/形成厚冰层显著减缓	显著减缓