Table of Content

28 June 2026, Volume 36 Issue 6

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Safety Science Theories and Methods Safety Technology and Engineering Public Safety and Emergency Management Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology and Engineering Occupational Health Intelligent Safety Technology

Safety Science Theories and Methods

Independent knowledge system of China's emergency science:construction logic and practical paths

Tong Ruipeng, Wang Qian, Li Xinyang, Deng Yingqi, Hao Binxin

2026, 36(6):  1-8.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.0164

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To achieve the modernization of the emergency management system and capacity, this paper systematically expounded the disciplinary, academic and discourse system of emergency science. Centering on the theoretical, methodological and practical knowledge of emergency science, it explored the construction logic and practical paths of the independent knowledge system of emergency science in China. The findings show that construction logic of the independent knowledge system of China's emergency science takes the disciplinary system as foundation, the academic system as core, and discourse system as link. Among them, the core concepts of disciplinary system are divided into three categories: disciplinary ontology, management system and emergency behavior. Its research paths cover three paradigms: political-social, organizational-institutional and engineering-technical paradigm. The academic system of emergency science includes the evolutionary logic, theoretical framework and application of cutting-edge methods of independent knowledge production in emergency science. Its evolutionary stages are divided into the experience-drawing stage, practice-reflecting stage, theory-reshaping stage and system-constructing stage. Its theoretical framework comprises three dimensions: scenario deduction, system modeling and concept refinement, and its research methods cover the integrated application of multiple methods and intelligent information technologies. The discourse system of emergency science features the narrative characteristics of problem orientation, systematic thinking and practice guidance. China's emergency science has made important discourse contributions to the governance philosophy, cooperative mechanisms and knowledge production of global emergency governance. In terms of future prospects, resilient governance and intelligent emergency response jointly constitute the practical paths of the independent knowledge system of emergency science.

Simulation study of societal propagation dynamics model for early-warning information dissemination

Shi Yuheng, Qiao Yuan, Ji Xuewei, Wu Bingxiang, Gao Yayun, Jiang Jiang

2026, 36(6):  9-14.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.0363

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To address insufficient timeliness and incomplete coverage in current early-warning information propagation, a dynamical model incorporating forced intervention mechanisms is developed based on dynamical systems theory, using early-warning information dissemination as a case study. This model introduces quantitative classification of warning levels, illuminating the coupling mechanisms between spontaneous diffusion and forced intervention. Numerical simulations are conducted to analyze the impact of key parameters such as the number of initial disseminators and the basic reproduction number on dissemination effectiveness. Model analysis indicates that the basic reproduction number serves as the criterion for information diffusion. Low-level early-warnings have a limited dissemination scale, while high-level early-warnings can achieve full coverage through forced intervention. Simulation results show that an eightfold increase in the annihilation rate can shorten the dissemination timeliness by 40%. The basic reproduction number is inversely proportional to dissemination timeliness.

Safety Technology and Engineering

Effects of nozzle geometry and release flow rate on axial concentration decay of horizontal jets

Deng Jun, Chen Xin'ge, Wang Caiping, Ma Li

2026, 36(6):  15-23.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.1494

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To investigate the dynamic impacts of non-circular nozzle geometry and flow rate on gas dispersion, and to reveal the coupling effects of nozzle geometry and release flow rate on the axial concentration decay of horizontal jets, helium was used as a surrogate for hydrogen, and horizontal jet tests were conducted using triangular and rectangular nozzles with different hydraulic diameters and flow rates. A high-precision mass flow controller was employed to maintain constant release flow rates, and 18 high-frequency thermal conductivity gas sensors arranged along the jet centerline recorded concentration data in real time. The results show that the influence of nozzle shape exhibits a strong dependence on Re. When Re≥3 000, the sharp corners of the triangular nozzle induce vortex structures that cause significantly faster concentration decay than the rectangular nozzle, under low Re conditions, the geometric effect becomes less pronounced. Increasing nozzle size reduces exit momentum and thereby accelerates concentration decay, whereas increasing the release flow rate enhances jet momentum, suppresses ambient entrainment, and consequently slows the decay process. The measured concentration decay coefficient k ranges from 0.000 66 to 0. 001 55, indicating that the persistent influence of initial geometric conditions causes the jet to deviate from the classical self-similar decay path. Based on the test data, nozzle-geometry-specific power-law models are established. The models indicate that the decay coefficient can be characterized by the coupling of Re and D_h. The decay rate of the rectangular nozzle is more sensitive to flow rate variations, while that of the triangular nozzle is more sensitive to size variations.

RBF-ANN damage prediction of aircraft flap structure considering service environment

Zhang Chunxiao, Yan Chunyu, Xing Zhiwei, Feng Bowen, Wang Yun, Cong Ziqi

2026, 36(6):  24-32.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.0711

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In order to improve the damage prediction ability of the composite structure of the civil aircraft flap in a complex service environment, a damage prediction method of the flap structure based on RBF-ANN considering the complex service environment was proposed. Firstly, a multi-dimensional operation and maintenance database covering structural maintenance information and corresponding environmental information was constructed. The key environmental factors were extracted by grey correlation analysis to realize the quantitative characterization of the service environment, and the damage factors were identified by cluster analysis and variance analysis. Secondly, the RBF-ANN model was constructed, and the hyperparameters of the RBF-ANN model were optimized by Bayesian optimization to realize the prediction of feature damage under the condition of small sample data. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed model was verified by ablation experiments and comparative experiments. The results show that Bayesian optimization can significantly improve the performance of the model. Mean square error(MSE) and R2 of the model are 0.031 and 0.962, respectively. The optimized model is superior to support vector machine (SVM), long short-term memory network (LSTM) and Bayesian neural network (BNN) in prediction accuracy, error control and fitting ability.

Safety evaluation method of self-supporting reticulated shell roof of hazardous chemical storage tanks

Du Liang, Han Lizhe, Wang Dapeng, Cao Kai, Duan Yuanzhe, Yu Shuangkai

2026, 36(6):  33-39.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.1653

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To evaluate whether the self-supporting reticulated shell roof of a hazardous chemical storage tank can meet safe service requirements, the load-bearing capacity assessment process for reticulated shell structures was established. By analyzing and evaluating key load-bearing capacity factors such as member strength, single member stability, shell stiffness, and overall stability item by item, corresponding calculation methods and evaluation criteria were provided, thereby proposing a safety assessment method for self-supporting arched roof reticulated shell structures. Taking a single-layer spherical reticulated shell roof structure as an example, a numerical simulation model considering corrosion damage of the storage tank was developed using the proposed method. Linear elastic analysis and nonlinear full-process analysis were conducted under design load conditions. Based on the evaluation criteria, a comprehensive safety assessment of the corroded and thinned reticulated shell structure was performed. The results show that the multi-dimensional hierarchical evaluation method established in this paper can realize the item-by-item quantitative decomposition and accurate analysis of member strength, single-member stability, structural stiffness and overall stability of the in-service storage tank reticulated shell roof. It can effectively quantify the weakening effect of corrosion thinning damage on the load-bearing reserve, deformation control capacity and anti-buckling safety margin of the reticulated shell.

Risk rating model for hazardous chemical explosion accidents based on few-shot data-driven approach

Zhang Jinglin, Chen Shengqun

2026, 36(6):  40-50.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.1100

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In order to mine potential risk information in reports of hazardous chemical explosion accidents, and enhance public awareness of risks when obtaining information on social media, an intelligent model for risk classification of hazardous chemical explosion accidents was constructed using text mining technology, risk assessment, and deep learning models. Firstly, the key information was extracted from accident investigation reports (e.g. hazardous chemicals, causes of the accident, consequences of the accident, etc.), and risk levels were assigned to the reports according a risk assessment matrix. Secondly, in response to the long-tail distribution characteristics of hazardous chemical accident data, a fusion strategy driven by imbalanced few-shot data was proposed, and four models such as Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) were used for comparative verification to test the effects of enhancement strategies. Finally, an accident risk rating model was constructed based on a BiGRU neural network with a risk-factor perception mechanism. The results show that rating model can perform automatic risk assessment for hazardous chemical explosion incidents while enhancing public risk awareness capabilities.

Low-altitude integrated collision risk assessment and multi-factor simulation analysis based on SORA framework

Liang Wenjuan, Yu Leiyang, Huang Hongming

2026, 36(6):  51-61.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.0207

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In order to address the issues of collision risk quantification and safety separation standard establishment during the collaborative operation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and manned aircraft in low-altitude integrated airspace, a collision risk assessment method was proposed based on the SORA framework. First, pre-operational risks are systematically evaluated utilizing the SORA framework, whereby the operational risks and safety objectives for specific-category UAVs in the proposed operation area were clarified. Subsequently, a dual-layer protection zone collision risk assessment model was constructed, in which safety system uncertainty factors, including position errors, aircraft quantity, and meteorological conditions (wind speed and direction), were comprehensively considered. Finally, typical conflict scenarios are analyzed using Monte Carlo simulations, and the conflict resolution probabilities and minimum safe separation distances were quantitatively calculated. The results demonstrate that the collision risk between UAVs and manned aircraft can be effectively reduced by the proposed model, fulfilling the international safety target of 10^-7 events per flight hour. Consequently, the applicability of SORA framework in integrated airspace is validated. Furthermore, the recommended minimum safe separation standards of 500 m for the inner layer and 4 000 m for the outer layer are derived, and the upper limit of airspace safety capacity is clearly defined. Additionally, a dynamic adjustment strategy is proposed, establishing that the outer protection zone radius should be increased by approximately 275.1 m for every 1 m/s increase in wind speed.

Experimental study on suppression of electric vehicle fires in mechanical multi-story parking garages using automatic sprinkler systems

Peng Lei, Yu Yue, Sun Fupeng, Xia Xiulong, Ni Zhaopeng, Yang Bingjie

2026, 36(6):  62-72.  doi:10

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In order to evaluate the effectiveness of automatic sprinkler systems in suppressing EV fires in mechanical multi-story parking garages, a full-scale fire test platform was constructed. A typical EV was selected as the test subject and positioned on the second level of a three-tier parking structure. The fire was induced through overcharging batteries. The entire process of EV fire propagation and the subsequent activation of the sprinkler system were simulated. Experimental results indicate that the automatic sprinkler system activated approximately 1 min and 20 s after thermal runaway and ignition of the battery pack. The sprinkler system effectively suppress the EV fire but fails to completely extinguish it. During the test, three sprinkler heads activated simultaneously, operating at a pressure of approximately 0.115 MPa, with a flow rate of 1.24 L/s per sprinkler head. Notably, the vehicle's window glass remained unbroken, and surrounding vehicles were not ignited, demonstrating the effectiveness of the sprinkler system in suppressing the spread of EV fires in mechanical parking garages.

Molecular simulation of gas adsorption and diffusion characteristics in coking coal at low temperatures

Ma Hongyu, Wang Long, Wan Wen, Xiao Yao, Hu Longsheng, Zhao Pengtao

2026, 36(6):  73-81.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.1023

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To investigate CH₄ adsorption/desorption characteristics at low temperatures (particularly < 273.15 K), Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) and MD methods were employed to systematically simulate the adsorption and diffusion behavior of CH₄ in a coking coal macromolecular model from 238.15 to 368.15 K. Additionally, the intrinsic molecular-scale relationship between the adsorption enhancement and diffusion inhibition effect of CH₄ was revealed. The results show that the CH4 adsorption capacity at low temperatures is significantly higher than that at high temperatures. At 7 MPa, the CH₄ adsorption capacity at 238.15 K (8.417 mmol/g) is 135.9% higher than that at 368.15 K (3.568 mmol/g). The isosteric heat of adsorption for CH₄ ranged from 11.365 to 13.604 kJ/mol and decreases with increasing adsorption amount, indicating physical adsorption. As temperature decreases from 368.15 to 238.15 K, the FFV of coking coal shows a linear decreasing trend. Meanwhile, the self-diffusion coefficient of CH₄ molecules decreases as a power function, with the value at 238.15 K (0.37×10^-8 m²/s) being an order of magnitude lower than at 368.15 K (4.417×10^-8 m²/s). The microscopic essence of the low-temperature promotion of adsorption and inhibition of desorption lies in the synergistic coupling of thermodynamic and structural-dynamic factors. Low temperature weakens the kinetic energy of CH₄ molecules, which leads to an increase in their average adsorption energy and significant raise in the desorption energy barrier. Simultaneously, it induces coal matrix contraction (reduced in FFV), leading to a decrease in the effective size of CH₄ diffusion pathways and an increase in diffusion resistance.

Comprehensive risk field model of urban tunnel confluence area considering driver perception characteristics

Shang Ting, Xu Yuting, Liu Tangzhi

2026, 36(6):  82-90.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.0914

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In order to accurately identify vehicle interaction risk in urban tunnel merging zones and to reveal the dynamic evolution of risk driven by the interaction among tunnel environment, vehicle behavior, and driver characteristics, a comprehensive risk-field model was proposed. The model incorporates tunnel environmental constraints, vehicle risk propagation effects, and driver risk perception characteristics. An empirical study was conducted using a typical tunnel merging zone in Chongqing as the case study. First, two typical acceleration-lane configurations, namely direct and parallel types, were examined. Each merging zone was divided into four critical sections: the entering, converging, merging, and mainline sections. Second, based on driving data collected from real-world vehicle tests, the distributions of vehicle speed across different sections, driving behavior patterns, and variations in drivers' risk perception were systematically analyzed. The mechanisms through which these factors contributed to driving risk formation were then examined. Finally, the spatiotemporal distribution of driving risk in different tunnel merging zones was compared and evaluated. Risk visualization was also performed, and differentiated risk prevention and control strategies were proposed. The results show that driver risk perception reaches its highest level in the merging section and varied significantly across sections. Driving risk in both types of tunnel merging zones is highest in the merging section, followed by the mainline section, and then gradually decrease in the converging and entering sections. Compared with the direct acceleration lane, the parallel acceleration lane shows reductions in risk-field strength of 8.22%, 8.71%, 9.35%, and 6.57% in the entering, converging, merging, and mainline sections, respectively, indicating a lower overall driving risk level.

Stability of 3D reinforced slopes subjected to seismic horizontal dynamic amplification effect

Zhang Jiahua, Wei Yunjun, Yuan Xiaomeng, He Jin

2026, 36(6):  91-101.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.0393

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To improve the stability of three-dimensional water-rich reinforced slopes, a three-dimensional slope computational model was constructed. A block of width b was inserted into the bullhorn failure body to characterize the three-dimensional effects along the slope's longitudinal direction. Seismic horizontal dynamic amplification effects, pore water effects, and reinforcement effects were considered simultaneously. The upper bound theorem was employed to solve for the external force power and internal energy dissipation rate at the ultimate failure state. A stability coefficient was introduced to evaluate the stability of the three-dimensional slope. Results indicate that after simplifying the computational model, the findings in this paper are highly aligned with existing research, validating the effectiveness of the presented results. The prerequisite for simplifying the seismic stability problem of a three-dimensional slope into a two-dimensional plane strain problem is a width-to-height ratio B/H ≥ 10. The stability of three-dimensional slopes is significantly reduced and their failure zones are expanded by earthquakes and pore water effects. The location of potential slip planes within the slope is primarily influenced by the intensity level of seismic activity and the magnitude of pore water pressure. The width and depth of the rear edge at the crest are mainly affected by the horizontal dynamic amplification effect of earthquakes. Uniformly distributed reinforcement is outperforms by a reinforcement pattern with sparse reinforcement at the top and dense reinforcement at the bottom. The seismic resistance of three-dimensional slopes can be enhanced by adopting this sparse-top/dense-bottom reinforcement configuration and increasing reinforcement density.

Identification of concealed hazard zones and support optimization in deep mines

Zhao Linhai, Hao Chenliang, Jing Jiayou, Dong Longjun, Wang Chao, Zhang Teng

2026, 36(6):  102-109.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.1259

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Dynamic hazards occur frequently during the mining process of deep metal mines, and existing ground pressure monitoring technologies and static support systems cannot meet the engineering requirements for active hazard prevention and control in complex mining environments. Based on the deep mining engineering practice at the Erlihe lead-zinc mine, a three-dimensional intelligent geoacoustic monitoring network for deep underground environments was established. The dynamic shortest path method (DSPM) was employed to perform seismic-velocity tomography of the rock mass, enabling refined identification of concealed hazard-inducing structures and high-stress anomalous zones in the deep rock mass. Source strength and the vibration response of the surrounding rock were characterized by using geoacoustic event parameters, including magnitude (M), peak ground velocity (PGV), and peak ground acceleration (PGA). By integrating rock-mass quality classification, the dynamic verification of support capacity was achieved. On this basis, differentiated support schemes suitable for varying lithologies and ground-pressure conditions were developed and then applied and validated in a high-risk section of the No. 8 inclined shaft in the mine. The results show that signal interference in complex goaf environments is effectively mitigated by the constructed geoacoustic monitoring network. Stable acquisition of high-frequency weak signals induced by rock mass fracture is realized. The spatiotemporal correlation between high velocity gradient zones and the occurrence of dynamic hazards is revealed by seismic velocity tomography results. which can be used to delineate concealed hazardous zones in deep rock mass. After the implementation of the differentiated support schemes, the frequency of geoacoustic events in the target area is significantly reduced, and large deformation of roadway surrounding rock is effectively controlled.

Improved method for detecting external fire causes in mines using YOLOv9m

Qi Yun, Yao Rui, Zhan Xinhui, Xue Kailong, Jing Xueyan, Qi Qingjie

2026, 36(6):  110-118.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.0726

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To address the problem of strong background interference, slow detection speed, and a high missed-detection rate in the detection of exogenous mine fires, an improved YOLOv9m-based method for object detection and image recognition was proposed. Firstly, the convolution modules in the backbone network of the original model were replaced with the lightweight paddlepaddle lightweight convolutional network (PP-LCNet) module, which reduced the number of model parameters. Secondly, the fully contextual attention (FCAttention) module was embedded into the backbone network to enhance flame feature interaction and optimize weight allocation, thereby improving the accuracy of feature selection and information fusion in complex scenes. Finally, the content-ware reassembly of features (CARAFE) dynamic upsampling operator was introduced into the neck network. Through a content-aware mechanism, feature information was dynamically reorganized, and the accuracy of detail representation was improved. The results show that, compared with the original model, the number of parameters and floating-point operations of the improved model are reduced by 13.2% and 13.6%, respectively, while precision, mean average precision (mAP), and frames per second(FPS) are increased by 5.2%, 3.2%, and 23.2%, respectively. The improved YOLOv9m algorithm ensures real-time fire detection accuracy in complex underground environments. It also significantly improves the detection accuracy in small-target fire-source scenarios. The proposed method meets the requirements of lightweight design and real-time performance, and it provides support for early fire warning and rapid emergency response.

Fire hazardous materials detection models in ancient building scenarios based on improved YOLOv11

Gao Xuehong, Cao Haoxuan, Huang Guozhong, Gao Shenyuan, Liu Jinzhou

2026, 36(6):  119-126.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.0352

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In order to achieve the early detection and warning of fire hazards, an improved fire source detection model, HSSP-YOLOv11, for identifying flammable hazardous materials was proposed. Firstly, a dedicated dataset for fire hazards consisting of 14 032 images was constructed, covering typical risk categories such as cigarettes and lighters, which provided a solid data foundation for model training and evaluation. Secondly, multiple module optimizations were performed based on YOLOv11 backbone network: the Strip Pooling(SP) module was introduced to expand the feature receptive field. HL Pooling method was designed based on HL estimation to enhance the feature extraction capability and information transmission efficiency of the pooling layer, and the HLSEAM module was developed by replacing the original average pooling layer in the SEAM module with HL Pooling, to improve the robustness of feature aggregation and strengthen the model's ability to focus on features of small targets. Experimental results demonstrate that mean average precision(mAP) of the HSSP-YOLOv11 model reaches 86.2%, which is 1.2% higher than that of the original YOLOv11 model. After embedding the proposed HLSEAM module into YOLOv11, the mAP is increased by 0.3% compared with the original model and by 0.5% compared with the YOLOv11 model embedded with the SEAM module. These results verify that the improved model exhibits superior detection stability and generalization performance for fire hazards in ancient building scenarios. The models designed in this study have achieved more accurate and stable detection of fire hazards in ancient building scenarios.

Spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of tailings flow under different dam failure modes of tailings dams

Jia Huimin, Tian Sen, Li Yongxin, Ge Zhaolong, Si Hu

2026, 36(6):  127-133.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.1253

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To address the requirements for tailings dam risk assessment and monitoring/early warning in downstream disaster-prone areas, this study analyzes the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of tailings flow under different dam-break modes, taking a gold mine tailings dam in Mangshi as the object.A three-dimensional geological-unit coupled model was established, and a heavy-rainfall-induced flood overtopping failure scenario was designed. Three typical breach-width modes, namely 178, 89, and 20 m, were selected to simulate the velocity distribution, discharge variation, deposition depth, inundation extent, and impact-force propagation process of tailings flow, thereby evaluating the hazard degree and risk evolution characteristics of downstream area. The results show that the dynamic evolution of the tailings flow exhibits three stages: initial acceleration, expansion development and energy attenuation. Breach width significantly affects the velocity, discharge, and inundation extent of the tailings flow. A larger breach releases greater kinetic energy, affects a wider area, and results in more pronounced discharge variation. When the breach width is 178 m, the discharge reaches a maximum of 1 925.31 m³/s. Under different breach modes, the spatial distribution of impact force varies. Smaller breach exerts stronger local impact on key downstream areas, and the impact force decreases with increasing distance from the dam. At a breach width of 89 m, the maximum impact force of tailings flow reaches 18 kN/m at 300 m from the dam toe, and decreases to 5 kN/m at 600 m. The buried depth and inundation extent of the tailings flow gradually decrease along the main flow direction, and the flow influence weakens farther away from the dam. Under heavy-rainfall-induced overtopping failure, the disaster hazard degree of tailings flow is jointly controlled by breach width, discharged kinetic energy, propagation distance, and topographic constraints. The risk evolution is characterized by high flow velocity, strong impact force and high buried hazard in the near-dam area, while the hazard degree of middle and far downstream areas gradually decreases with energy dissipation.

Analysis of explosive stress wave localized effects on edge of rock rod

Yu Haoran, Chen Jun, Su Hong, Yang Haibin, Zhang Zijian

2026, 36(6):  134-142.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.0435

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To determine the range of influence of local effects on the near-field stress wave generated by an explosion in a rock rod, an innovatively designed one-dimensional experimental apparatus and system for studying explosive stress waves were employed. By applying explosive loads with different action scales to the end face of a long rock rod specimen, the differences in waveform characteristics and propagation features of the explosive stress wave at different radial positions on the rod surface were analyzed. The stress-wave characteristics at each position were also statistically analyzed. The propagation process of the explosive stress wave inside the rock rod under different action scales was investigated using the Livermore Software Technology Corporation's Dynamic Analyzer(LS-DYNA) numerical simulation. The variation in peak stress and waveform characteristics of the stress wave distributed radially inside the rock rod were analyzed, and the influence range of the local effect. The results show that, under different action scales, the characteristics of the explosive stress wave near the explosion end of the gray sandstone rock rod differ significantly. As the axial propagation distance increases, the stress wave gradually becomes uniform at a distance of 4 times the cross-sectional radius of the rock, with correlation coefficients calculated using Spearman correlation analysis all greater than 0.95. Beyond this point, the influence of the local effect can be neglected. Analysis of the finite element simulation results show that the range affected by the local effect in the radial direction inside the rock is within 7 times the cross-sectional radius of the rock.

Experimental study on continuous-leakage methanol spill fires in a narrow and confined space

Li Jiaxing, Ye Chenghao, Xia Meiqing, Hu Xuejing, Zhang Peihong

2026, 36(6):  143-149.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.1351

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To analyze the spread characteristics of spill fires in narrow and confined spaces, a reduced-scale tunnel model with dimensions of 6 m × 1 m × 1 m was established, and a series of spill fire tests were conducted under six different leakage rates using methanol as the fuel. Characteristic parameters, including diffusion diameter, flame shape, flame height, flame temperature and radiative heat flux, were analyzed to explore the influence of leakage rate on spill fire spread behavior in narrow and confined spaces. The results show that the spread process of methanol spill fires can be divided into four stages: diffusive combustion, contraction, quasi-steady combustion and extinction. In the quasi-steady combustion stage, the flame shape is dominated by a trapezoid at low leakage rates (50-100 mL/min), while the flame presents a triangular shape with a prominent bifurcation phenomenon at high leakage rates (150-250 mL/min). Both the mass burning rate and flame radiative heat flux of methanol spill fires increase with leakage rate, and their growth rates show a decreasing trend, the mass burning rate of methanol spill fires is approximately 2/5 to 2/3 of that of methanol pool fires at the same scale. The dimensionless flame temperature remains stable within the range of dimensionless height characteristic values of [0.09,0.41), decreases significantly within [0.41,1.03), and declines more rapidly within [1.03,2.49].

A visual bibliometric analysis of coal mine support technologies based on CiteSpace

Wang Zhenghao, Rong Hai, Pan Xiangyi, Li Nannan, Wei Shilong, He Longyue

2026, 36(6):  150-160.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.0916

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To reveal the current research status, hotspot evolution, and development trends of support technologies in mining engineering in China, a bibliometric analysis was conducted. Relevant literature from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database (1994-2025) was collected. With the help of CiteSpace software, visual analysis was performed in terms of annual publication outputs, research institutions, author collaboration networks, keyword co-occurrence and clustering, and burst term detection to construct a knowledge map of support technologies in mining engineering in China. The results indicate that research has undergone three stages: the initial stage (before 2002), the rapid development stage (2003-2015), and the sustained fluctuation stage (2016-2025). This evolution has been driven by demands for deep mining, safety policy promotion, and intelligent technology development. The research landscape is dominated by institutions such as China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), China University of Mining and Technology, the Coal Science Research Institute, and Liaoning Technical University. These institutions form a multi-centered distribution pattern, while inter-institutional collaboration remains relatively low. A core author group has formed. The collaboration network shows multiple coexisting research groups with dispersed relationships. “Numerical simulation,” “rock bolt support,” and “soft rock roadway” have remained long-term core research topics. Research has progressively shifted from conventional single support methods toward composite and systematic approaches. “Roof cutting and pressure relief,” “surrounding rock control,” and “rockburst” have become recent research frontiers. Support technologies are advancing toward proactive regulation and coordinated control under deep mining conditions.

Investigation of corrosivity of HCFO-1233zd(E) with typical metals in storage conditions

Liu Hao, Lyu Xizhen, Chen Ruiyu

2026, 36(6):  161-169.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.1183

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In order to investigate the storage compatibility of the novel environmentally friendly fire extinguishing agent HCFO-1233zd(E), a self-designed corrosion test platform for gas extinguishing agent was utilized. Five representative metal materials commonly used in storage containers (304 stainless steel, Q235 carbon steel, 6061 aluminum alloy, H59 brass, and T2 copper) were selected to simulate the corrosion effects of HCFO-1233zd(E) under high pressure and alternating high-low temperature storage conditions. Corrosion rate, surface morphology, and corrosion products were characterized using an electronic balance, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that the corrosion rates of the five metals follow the order: Q235 carbon steel > 6061 aluminum alloy > 304 stainless steel > H59 brass > T2 copper. Under simulated storage conditions, HCFO-1233zd(E) induced a combined corrosion morphology dominated by uniform corrosion accompanied by localized pitting, with aggregation of blocky and flaky corrosion products observed on the metal surfaces. HCFO-1233zd(E) underwent decomposition under test conditions, generating highly corrosive HF and HCl, which reacted with the metal substrates to form halides. The generated metal halides, in turn, catalyze the decomposition of HCFO-1233zd(E). Meanwhile, short-chain organic compounds produced from the decomposition underwent chain polymerization, forming medium- to long-chain halogenated hydrocarbons that deposited on the metal surfaces. These organic deposits provided a certain physical barrier, which helped to retard further progression of the corrosion process.

Influence of blockage effect on efficiency of liquid nitrogen fire suppression in underground logistics tunnels

Li Xinru, Zhang Guowei, Ning Zhaoyu, Jiang Liming, Chu Tianwei

2026, 36(6):  170-177.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.1095

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To evaluate the fire suppression performance of liquid nitrogen in a long-narrow confined space with a high blockage ratio and to reveal the key influence mechanism of the blockage effect, liquid nitrogen fire suppression experiments were conducted in a scaled-down urban underground logistics tunnel. The effects of blockage effect on fire suppression time and diffusion behavior of liquid nitrogen were investigated by varying the nitrogen injection distance and obstruction distance. The results show that when nitrogen is injected between two obstacles, a reduction in obstruction distance facilitates the formation of a more enclosed space, which significantly enhances the oxygen isolation and asphyxiation effect. When nitrogen is injected 1 m away from the fire source, reducing the obstruction distance from 6.3 m to 2.3 m shortens the fire suppression time by 23.1%. Conversely, when nitrogen is injected on the leeward side of an obstacle, the diffusion path is hindered, leading to a "blocking-detouring-rejoining" phenomenon that reduces fire suppression efficiency. In this configuration, with an injection distance of 3 m from the fire source, increasing the obstruction distance from 4.3 m to 6.3 m results in a 25% reduction in suppression time. It is concluded that the obstruction distance and nitrogen injection location are core parameters affecting the efficiency of liquid nitrogen fire suppression.

Public Safety and Emergency Management

Hidden hazard identification and causation analysis of urban gas accidents based on Bayesian network

Zhu Wei, Sheng Yanzhen, Song Jiayun, Zhao Yifan

2026, 36(6):  178-185.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.1674

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To address the unclear mechanisms of multi-hazard coupling and the insufficient identification of critical causal nodes in urban gas accidents, this study constructed a gas accident risk evolution model integrating BN and triangular fuzzy numbers. Based on accident cases and expert knowledge, a hidden hazard index system was established across the three dimensions of "human-machine-environment". Triangular fuzzy numbers were employed to characterize the prior and conditional probabilities of each node. Through probabilistic reasoning, sensitivity analysis, and path strength analysis, the model systematically identified key causal nodes and high-risk coupling paths within the accident evolution process. The research indicates that gas leakage is the source node of the accident chain, exerting a decisive influence on the occurrence probability of consequential events such as explosions and fires, and represents a critical link with global influence and controllability. Structural damage is the dominant factor leading to leakage (posterior probability 0.80). Heterogeneity exists in the interaction modes of hazards, with an incomplete correspondence observed between high-frequency hazards and high-intensity disaster-causing paths. Therefore, urban gas accident risk management should strengthen leakage monitoring and early warning, attach importance to the regular prevention and control of high-frequency hidden hazards, and conduct early intervention on high-risk coupling paths. It is necessary to realize the transformation from single-node control to full-chain systemic prevention and control.

Automatic structuring method for fire emergency rescue regulations

Chen Jianwu, Pan Lewenyu, Gao Jingqi, Li Qun, Guo Zaifu, Xu Jingge

2026, 36(6):  186-193.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.1205

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To enhance processing efficiency and semantic mining depth for fire emergency response regulatory provisions, an automatic structuring method integrating LTP model and KG technology was proposed in this paper. First, the SDP on regulatory sentences was performed by the LTP model to uncover in-depth semantic associations. Second, a keyword extraction strategy was further developed. Standard terminology was identified through structural parsing, while cross-regulation high-frequency core terms were selected via document frequency statistics to effectively capture critical information. Then, based on semantic dependency relationships and core argument features, regulatory provisions were classified into four categories: citation, requirement, parameter and evaluation, and the automatic extraction rule base was established. Finally, this method was applied to 81 fire protection regulatory provisions. A total of 330 terms and 2 170 repeated words were extracted, resulting in a KG comprising 15 940 nodes and 286 294 relationships. The results show that precise querying using the Neo4j graph database reveals that parameter-based provisions account for the highest proportion (80.46%), indicating their foundational role in the regulatory system. This verify this method is effective for the classification and semantic mining of regulatory provisions.

Multi-factor coupling risk analysis of hazardous chemicals transportation based on N-K model

Li Jingxiang, Gao Xuenong, Jing Guoxun

2026, 36(6):  194-202.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.1194

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To address the unclear dynamic evolution mechanism of multi-factor coupling risks and the imprecision of prevention and control measures in hazardous chemical road transportation, an investigation was conducted based on the N-K model. Fifty typical tank truck transportation accidents occurring between 2019 and 2024 were collected and analyzed. Five core risk factors—personnel, equipment, hazardous chemicals, environment, and management—and their interaction relationships were identified. A quantitative assessment model for multi-factor coupling risk was constructed. The dynamic evolution characteristics of different risk coupling patterns were revealed, and a hierarchical prevention and control technical system was established. The results show that the five-factor coupling risk value is the highest, reaching 0.558, which is 9.3 times higher than that of a single factor. Subjective factors (human and management) are contributed 67.3% to the coupling risk, and the “personnel-management-environment” coupling is represented as the most frequent three-factor risk evolution path, with a risk value of 0.105. Based on these findings, a three-level prevention and control system of “inherent safety-process control-emergency response” is constructed, encompassing key technologies such as multi-parameter intelligent tank monitoring, virtual reality (VR) defensive driving training, blockchain-based training and maintenance evidence storage, and digital twin emergency coordination. The transformation of risk control from single-factor static assessment to multi-factor coupling dynamic early warning is promoted by this system.

Road safety risk assessment under synergistic effects of rainfall and traffic

CHEN Dongjian

2026, 36(6):  203-212.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.0214

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To address the limitations of current road disaster early warning systems which overly relied on a single rainfall thresholds, failed to reflect the synergistic disaster-causing effects of "rainfall-traffic", and could not meet the requirements of real-time early warning due to low computational efficiency of traditional numerical simulations,a road safety risk assessment model under rainfall-traffic synergistic hazard-inducing effects was proposed. Firstly, based on the improved infiltration theory and the hydro-mechanical coupling mechanisms, a road moisture safety index based on water content, and a stability safety index based on shear stress was constructed. Secondly, a traffic disturbance index was innovatively introduced to analyze the synergistic disaster-causing impacts of heavy vehicle dynamic loads coupling with rainfall-induced subgrade softening, establishing a coupled safety risk assessment model incorporating both rainfall and traffic effects. To ensure the general applicability and reliability of the model, grading warning thresholds for different road safety risk states were determined according to relevant specifications and theories. The applicability of the model under multidimensional working conditions, including soil-property variation, extreme traffic scenarios, and intermittent rainfall, was analyzed, and systematic verification was conducted. The results show that, compared with the traditional finite element method, the proposed coupled safety risk assessment model not only improves the computational efficiency while accurately reproducing the stability evolution process of the detailed numerical simulation, but also can sensitively capture the risk accumulation effects under "light rain + heavy load" and intermittent rainfall.

Electrical fire model for four-network integrated stations integrated with FTA-BN

Sun Fenglin, Wang Wenyu, Li Peng, Liu Chang

2026, 36(6):  213-221.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.1282

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To precisely assess the electrical fire risk in four-network converged station, a risk assessment and critical path identification model was constructed by integrating FTA and BN. Firstly, FTA was used to establish a hierarchical framework for electrical fires in four-network converged stations, identifying 27 basic hazard events. Secondly, based on expert experience in fire protection, electrical engineering, operational management and simulation modeling, the failure probability of each basic event was quantified using trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. Then, the fault tree topology was mapped to a BN to complete the calculation of the top event probability and risk level classification. Finally, core hazard factors were identified through risk contribution ranking, critical path, and sensitivity analysis. The results show that the probability of electrical fires in the target station is 2.61%, which is classified as medium-high risk. Among them, the event of passengers carrying flammable luggage has the highest risk contribution to the top event and is the key factor for risk prevention and control. Meanwhile, the core failure chain of electrical fires in the target station is (regular personnel violations and improper operation → unsafe human behaviors → ignition source of electrical fire). Sensitivity analysis reveals that the set of flammable factors in electrical fires (construction flammables, passenger-carried flammable luggage, and irregular stacking of flammables due to management defects) present the highest risk contribution and should be the focus of prevention and control. Based on the above analysis, the study proposes differentiated prevention and control measures such as cross-network security inspection collaboration, multi-team joint drills, and cross-system fire inspection standards, which can provide theoretical basis and practical support for the prevention and control of electrical fires in integrated transportation hubs.

Integration of data and knowledge for risk assessment of urban water supply networks

Li Zeyu, Li Suzhen

2026, 36(6):  222-228.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.0640

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To address the insufficient robustness of existing data-driven methods caused by data quality problems and the frequent neglect of expert prior knowledge, a data-knowledge fusion risk assessment method for urban water supply networks was proposed based on GPC and GMM. First, risk scores were obtained by expert scoring rules and were used as the basis for knowledge fusion. Second, a feature matrix was constructed by combining the scores with objective attributes, including pipeline physical properties and operating environment. A GPC model was used to predict the failure probability of each pipe segment. Third, cluster analysis was performed on the predicted probability distribution, and a Gaussian mixture model was applied to classify risk levels scientifically. Finally, experiments were conducted on a dataset of pipe segments and failure records from Kitchener, Canada. The results show that the proposed data-knowledge fusion model performs well under different data scenarios, and at a 1% replacement rate, up to 30% of potential failures are prevented. The area under the curve of 0.94 is achieved for risk ranking. The chi-square coefficient for risk classification exceeds 0.1, and the coefficient of determination is greater than 0.7. SHAP analysis verifies the key role of expert scoring.

Assessment method and application of street fire safety governance using an improved VIKOR approach

Kong Xin, Li Xinjiang, Zhang Dina, Long Yi, Zhao Jinlong

2026, 36(6):  229-237.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.1684

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In order to enhance the scientific rigor and accuracy of street fire safety governance assessment, an improved VIKOR method based on the Choquet integral was proposed. First, an assessment indicator system was constructed from four dimensions: personnel, buildings and facilities, environment, and management. Then, probabilistic hesitant fuzzy sets were introduced to characterize the uncertainty in expert assessments and obtain indicator values. Next, a fuzzy measure was employed to analyze the interactions among indicators, while the Choquet integral and the Shapley value were utilized to aggregate indicator information and dynamically update indicator weights. These procedures were further integrated into the VIKOR decision-making framework. Finally, four streets were selected for empirical validation. The results show that the proposed method systematically considers indicator interactions and their influence on assessment outcomes. In particular, the ranking bias inherent in the traditional VIKOR method is effectively corrected when the degree of indicator interaction is high, significantly improving assessment accuracy. The case study indicates that Street D shows the lowest level of fire safety governance, followed by Street A and Street B, while Street C ranks the highest. This result is consistent with the actual fire accident frequencies, which verifies the reliability of the proposed method.

Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology and Engineering

Seismic resilience assessment of group building structures at urban scale: a case study of Shaanxi province

Zhou Zhou, Zhang Weichao, Tian Qianrun, Tian Qinhu, Yu Xiaohui

2026, 36(6):  238-245.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.0877

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To achieve an efficient assessment of the seismic resilience of urban scale building groups, to reduce the sharp growth in computational demand caused by large-scale nonlinear time-history analysis, and to overcome the limitation of traditional assessment based only on the proportion of building count ratios as statistical evidence, empirical fragility functions were first constructed based on the target structural type to determined its damage states under frequent and rare earthquakes. Second, according to the “Standard for seismic resilience assessment of building”, the repair time, repair cost and casualty indicators under the aforementioned earthquake actions were quantified to evaluate the seismic resilience levels of individual structures. Then, the individual structures with different seismic resilience levels were classified, and a regional seismic resilience index(RI) based on the proportion of building area was proposed. Finally, the group building structure in Shaanxi Province is taken as an example for application analysis. The results show that Ankang city has the highest seismic resilience level, whereas Yulin city has the lowest. Considering the three dimensions of repair time, repair cost and casualties, Ankang, Yan'an and Hanzhong cities perform relatively well. There are certain differences between the regional seismic RI based on the number of individual structures and those based on the proportion of building area. Relying solely on the number of individual buildings may underestimate the contribution of large buildings to overall resilience, and the actual urban recovery capacity is therefore underestimated.

Dynamic assessment of fire rescue accessibility to fuel stations in cold regions

Huang Yao, Yu Jiayi, Liu Dingli, Xiong Liuyuan, Liu Fubin, Tang Jiafu

2026, 36(6):  246-253.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.1356

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To scientifically assess the fire rescue accessibility of fuel stations in cold regions, a dynamic accessibility assessment model incorporating both traffic congestion and icy-snowy road conditions was developed, and an empirical study was conducted using 76 fire rescue stations and 514 fuel stations in Shenyang. The results showed that the overall accessibility rate is 14.71% when only traffic congestion is considered, and decreases to 11.95%, 9.58%, and 6.70% when light, moderate, and sub-severe icy-snowy road conditions were superimposed, respectively. Regardless of road conditions, the overall accessibility rate in remote areas is significantly lower than that in central urban areas. The above findings reveal that traffic congestion and icy-snowy road conditions significantly affect fire rescue accessibility by reducing road traffic efficiency, while a spatial imbalance in fire station distribution is also reflected, with stations concentrated in the central urban area and coverage in remote areas remaining insufficient.

Occupational Health

Study on physiological indexes and psychological parameters of human body in high temperature, high humidity and low oxygen environment

Feng Guohui, Liu Yipeng, Sun Jialin, Li Zhaoxing, Huang Kailiang

2026, 36(6):  254-261.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.1169

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In order to explore the characteristics of physiological and thermal sensation changes of construction workers in extreme environments of high temperature, high humidity and low oxygen, under the conditions of ambient temperature (33, 37 40 ℃), relative humidity (80%) and oxygen concentration (20.9%,18%,16%), the participants were organized to carry out treadmill exercise test at a speed of 4 km/h. The effects of these compound environments on the human body were systematically analyzed by measuring physiological parameters, such as mean skin temperature and sweating rate, and psychological parameters, such as fatigue and thermal sensation. The results show that environmental temperature is the primary determinant of physiological responses, but hypoxia under high-temperature conditions significantly amplifies the increase in skin temperature through a significant interaction effect (p<0.05). At 37 ℃, the temperature-rise effect of hypoxia is nearly nine times greater than at 33 ℃. The influence of hypoxia on sweating rate reversed with temperature. Sweating is promoted at 33 ℃, but is inhibited by 10.6% under the extreme high temperature of 40 ℃. Inter-individual variability also increased significantly, with a dispersion increase of 17.4%, which aggravates the risk of heat accumulation. Hypoxia directly accelerated the accumulation of fatigue and thermal discomfort, with 37 ℃ identified as a synergistic critical point (fatigue rate increased by 100% at 33 ℃ and 50% at 37 ℃, and the cumulative slope of thermal discomfort also increased). At 40 ℃, the final fatigue level increases by 38%. The increases in skin temperature in the chest and upper arm are the most sensitive to hypoxia, with increases of 28% to 33%. These regions are key monitoring sites for heat stress warning in high-temperature, high-humidity, and low-oxygen environments.

Intelligent Safety Technology

Redundant structure design of railway signaling safety cloud platforms based on 3oo5-Y architecture

Shang Linyu, Huang Susu, Wei Dongdong, Liu Mingduan, Li Ke

2026, 36(6):  262-270.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.0794

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To enhance the operational reliability and the capability to defend against common cause failures of railway signaling systems in cloud platform environments, a 3oo5-Y(Y denoting the heterogeneous scheme) redundant architecture based on heterogeneous virtualization (a combination of VMware and Kernel-based Virtual Machine(KVM)) deployment was proposed on the basis of traditional 3oo5 architecture. First, reliability and safety function models for typical redundant architectures, such as 2oo3, 3oo5, and 4oo7, were constructed to comparatively analyze the impact of different numbers of redundant nodes on system performance. Second, combined with the consensus algorithm theory, a three-state node control and random timeout consistent voting mechanism was designed without relying on third-party software. The results show that within the high-reliability interval where the unit reliability exceeds 0.9, both the reliability and safety of the redundant architectures increase with the number of nodes, with the performance ranking of 4oo7 > 3oo5 > 2oo3. Compared with the homogeneous 3oo5 architecture, the risk of common cause failures induced by high homogeneity is effectively reduced by the 3oo5-Y architecture at the cost of a marginal compromise in absolute reliability. Furthermore, under the constraint that the two KVM nodes do not fail simultaneously, a maximum of two node failures can be tolerated by the system. In conclusion, the deployment economy and heterogeneous consistency comparison functions are effectively balanced by the 3oo5-Y heterogeneous redundant architecture, and the high availability of the cloud architecture is maintained while extremely high system safety is ensured.