Experimental study on suppression of electric vehicle fires in mechanical multi-story parking garages using automatic sprinkler systems

doi:10

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to evaluate the effectiveness of automatic sprinkler systems in suppressing EV fires in mechanical multi-story parking garages, a full-scale fire test platform was constructed. A typical EV was selected as the test subject and positioned on the second level of a three-tier parking structure. The fire was induced through overcharging batteries. The entire process of EV fire propagation and the subsequent activation of the sprinkler system were simulated. Experimental results indicate that the automatic sprinkler system activated approximately 1 min and 20 s after thermal runaway and ignition of the battery pack. The sprinkler system effectively suppress the EV fire but fails to completely extinguish it. During the test, three sprinkler heads activated simultaneously, operating at a pressure of approximately 0.115 MPa, with a flow rate of 1.24 L/s per sprinkler head. Notably, the vehicle's window glass remained unbroken, and surrounding vehicles were not ignited, demonstrating the effectiveness of the sprinkler system in suppressing the spread of EV fires in mechanical parking garages.

Key words: mechanical multi-story parking garage, automatic sprinkler system, electric vehicle (EV), fire, thermal runaway

CLC Number:

Peng Lei, Yu Yue, Sun Fupeng, Xia Xiulong, Ni Zhaopeng, Yang Bingjie. Experimental study on suppression of electric vehicle fires in mechanical multi-story parking garages using automatic sprinkler systems[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2026, 36(6): 62-72.

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喷头位置	喷头间距/ (m×m)	设计工作压力/MPa	单个喷头流量/(L/s)
车库顶(3层)	2.800×2.400	0.065	1.07
车架内(2层)	2.800×2.400	0.100	1.33

序号	阶段	相对时间	事件	事件概况	图号
1	第1阶段: 过充及点燃阶段	0 min 0 s	开始过充	试验开始	—
2		19 min 21 s	白烟从底盘溢出,持续约1 min 30 s	电池包冒烟	图8a
3		20 min 52 s	底盘溢出的烟气被引燃	点燃出现明火	图8b
4	第2阶段: 初期燃烧及蔓延阶段	20 min 52 s~ 24 min 58 s	电池包剧烈燃烧,火焰间歇性喷发, 底盘火花飞溅,持续约4 min	火焰在车身下方燃烧和蔓延	图8c
5		22 min 14 s	左侧后方轮胎,被引燃		图8d
6		22 min 17 s	右侧后方轮胎,被引燃		图8e
7	第3阶段: 喷淋动作阶段	22 min 11 s	车辆右侧后方喷头破裂(着火后1 min 20 s)	喷淋动作	图8f
8		22 min 17 s	车辆左侧后方喷头破裂(着火后1 min 26 s)		图8g
9		23 min 14 s	火焰窜入车厢内,持续约15s熄灭		图8h
10		25 min 23 s	车辆右侧前方喷头破裂(着火后4 min 30 s)		图8i
11		26 min 23 s	火势受抑制,火焰集中在底盘附近	火势抑制情况	图8j
12		26 min 23 s	车体周围火焰基本熄灭,底盘下方及车前盖内受遮蔽,尚有火焰燃烧		图8k
12		57 min 57 s	车体周围火焰基本熄灭,底盘下方及车前盖内受遮蔽,尚有火焰燃烧		图8k
13		85 min 33 s	车身火焰基本熄灭,停止喷淋		图8l
14	第4阶段: 人工喷水降温阶段	97 min 45 s	底盘下方尚有白烟冒出,拆除车位下方的挡板, 对电池包进行直接喷水降温,持续约2 min	人工喷水降温	图8m
15		117 min 51 s	电池包内局部温度尚继续上升,对电池包进行第2次直接喷水降温,持续约1 min	人工喷水降温	图8n