Study on overcharge thermal runaway characteristics of LiFePO4 batteries under different constraint effects

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.09.0508

Abstract

Abstract:

To mitigate thermal runaway fire and explosion accidents induced by overcharge of lithium-ion batteries and to improve the understanding of the coupling regulation mechanism of fixture constraint, confined space and ignition conditions, this study systematically investigated the evolution of thermal runaway, temperature response, and voltage variation of a 314 Ah prismatic LiFePO₄ battery under 0.5C overcharge by adjusting these three factors. The results show that under unconstrained conditions, unconstrained battery swelling leads to safety valve failure and directly triggers an explosion; before the explosion, the peak surface temperatures are 50.78 ℃ in open space and 54.06 ℃ in confined space. Under constrained conditions, the safety valve opens normally and energy is released in the form of smoke or jet fire; the peak back temperature reaches 458.93 ℃ in open space with ignition, which is significantly higher than 291.13 ℃ in confined space with ignition. In confined space, unignited smoke, being denser, accumulated at the bottom, and a violent jet fire reaching a height of 1.5 m with a peak flame temperature of 701.87 ℃ is formed upon ignition. The voltage evolution is presented as a “rise-plateau-steep rise-drop” pattern, whereas the complete drop process is absentunder unconstrained conditions due to structural damage.

Key words: lithium iron phosphate battery, battery overcharge, thermal runaway, combustion and explosion risk, fixture constraint, spatial confinement

CLC Number:

X928.7火灾与爆炸事故

Yang Fan, Bai Panxing, Ping Xiaofan, Zhang Cunfu, Cao Xi, Yang Yuxuan. Study on overcharge thermal runaway characteristics of LiFePO₄ batteries under different constraint effects[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2026, 36(9): 111-119.

Figures/Tables 8

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References 18

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规格	参数	实物图
尺寸(高×宽×厚)/mm×mm×mm	240×172×71
额定容量/Ah	314
额定电压/V	3.2
充放电电压范围/V	2.5~3.65
质量/g	5 632

序号	空间特征	有/无约束	是/否点火
1	开放空间	有	是
2	开放空间	有	否
3	开放空间	无	否
4	受限空间	有	是
5	受限空间	有	否
6	受限空间	无	否

无约束开放	过充升温	爆炸	残骸坠落	反应终止
无约束开放
无约束受限
约束开放点火	过充升温	安全阀开启	热失控	反应终止
约束开放点火
约束开放
约束受限点火
约束受限

Study on overcharge thermal runaway characteristics of LiFePO₄ batteries under different constraint effects

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