Study on suppression effect of dry ice on thermal runaway of lithium-ion battery cells

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.02.0422

Abstract

Abstract:

To develop a novel and effective fire-extinguishing agent dedicated to lithium-ion batteries, this study established an experimental platform. Experiments were conducted on 20 Ah lithium-ion phosphate batteries to investigate the inhibitory efficacy of dry ice on the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries. Experimental results indicate that dry ice can successfully inhibit the thermal runaway process of lithium-ion batteries: specifically, spraying 1.5 kg of dry ice in the experiment effectively blocked the early-stage thermal runaway of the battery. Furthermore, the inhibitory efficacy of dry ice on battery thermal runaway shows a positive correlation with its spray amount—increasing the dry ice spray amount to 2.6 kg enabled successful suppression of the battery's severe thermal runaway stage. In addition, the phase change heat absorption rate of dry ice is positively correlated with the ambient temperature gradient; however, the cooling rate and effective utilization rate of dry ice do not increase with the rise in spray amount or ambient temperature. In the experiment, when the dry ice spray amount was increased from 0.65 kg to 2.6 kg before battery pressure relief, both the cooling rate and effective utilization rate of dry ice exhibited a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Moreover, as the severity of thermal runaway and ambient temperature increased, the two decreased from 67.5% and 7.8% to 15.4% and 4.1%, respectively. This study may provide a reference for the development of lithium-ion batteries fire-extinguishing agents.

Key words: lithium-ion battery, thermal runaway, dry ice, temperature cooling, suppression effect

CLC Number:

X913.3安全控制论

LIU Yongcheng, ZHANG Guowei, ZHAO Gangqiang, LIU Chunyuan, YU Longfei, CHEN Zewei. Study on suppression effect of dry ice on thermal runaway of lithium-ion battery cells[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2026, 36(2): 227-234.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig.1

Fig.2

Table 1

Fig.3

Fig.4

Fig.5

Fig.6

Table 2

Table 3

Heat parameter

工况	Q/kJ	Q_s/kJ	Q_t/kJ	η/%	$ε$ /%
1	46.2	31.2	401.1	67.5	7.8
2	58.8	42.4	456.1	72.1	9.3
3	174.9	26.9	653.22	15.4	4.1
4	50.3	21.0	280.77	41.7	7.5
5	46.2	31.2	401.1	67.5	7.8
6	51.6	30.4	555.8	58.9	5.5
7	174.9	26.9	653.22	15.4	4.1
8	85.4	43.4	716.25	50.8	6.1

Table 3

Fig.7

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工况	干冰喷射质量m/kg	电池表面最高温度t_max/℃	电池表面最低温度t_min/℃	最大温降 Δt_r/℃	最大温降所需时间τ_r/s	最大温升 Δt_u/℃	最大温升所需时间τ_u/s
4	0.65	104.6	38.1	66.5	29	29.1	53
5	1.5	97.3	31.5	65.8	37	10.1	303
6	2.6	107	-4.9	111.9	57	47.9	613
7	1.5	326.8	181.6	145.2	25	97.2	72
8	2.6	167.3	-23.4	190.7	58	66.6	100