基于Kraljic矩阵的化工园区应急物资分类与储备策略

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.11.1025

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为提升化工园区应急物资储备保障能力,确保储备的应急物资能妥善应对突发事故,并避免资源浪费。首先,分析化工园区的事故特征,总结出园区所需的应急物资品类;其次,以Kraljic矩阵为基础,建立应急物资分类模型及相应指标体系;然后,运用组合赋权法(AHP-CRITIC)赋权量化各指标,完成应急物资的科学分类;最后,结合我国现有的物资储备方式,给出化工园区应急物资储备策略的建议。结果表明:化工园区应按优先级顺序储备战略物资(灭火、医疗救生、侦检物资)、杠杆物资(堵漏装备、破拆器材、抢险车辆、个人防护装备)、瓶颈物资(输转、洗消物资)及一般物资(通信器材、警戒物资及排烟照明设备);其中,战略及杠杆物资主要依靠实物储备,瓶颈及一般物资宜采用市场储备;多方联合储备模式最具经济优势,可结合需求预测制定详细方案。

关键词: Kraljic矩阵, 化工园区, 应急物资储备, 组合赋权法, 物资分类模型

Abstract:

This study aims to improve the reserve and support capacity of emergency supplies in the chemical industry parks, and ensure that the reserved emergency supplies can properly respond to unexpected accidents and avoid waste. First, the accident characteristics of the chemical industry park were analyzed, and the types of emergency supplies required for the chemical park were summarized. Based on the Kraljic matrix, a classification model and corresponding indicator system for emergency supplies were established. The combination weighting method (AHP-CRITIC) was used to quantify the weight of various indicators, and the emergency supplies were classified. Based on the existing supplies reserve methods in China, suggestions for emergency supplies reserve strategies in chemical parks were provided. The results indicate that chemical industry parks should reserve strategic supplies (firefighting equipment, medical life-saving equipment and detection equipment), leveraged supplies (plugging equipment, breaking-in tool, emergency vehicles and personal protective equipment), bottleneck supplies (transfer equipment, washing and disinfection supplies) and general supplies (communication equipment, warning signs, smoke exhaust and lighting equipment) in priority order. Among them, strategic and leveraged supplies should mainly rely on physical reserves, and bottleneck and general supplies should use market reserves. The multi-party joint reserve model has the most economic advantages, and detailed plans can be made in combination with demand forecast.

Key words: Kraljic matrix, chemical industry park, emergency supplies reserve, combination weighting method, material classification model

刘欣, 李书玉, 王海宁. 基于Kraljic矩阵的化工园区应急物资分类与储备策略[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2023, 33(11): 221-230.

LIU Xin, LI Shuyu, WANG Haining. Research on emergency supplies classification and reserve strategy for chemical industry parks based on Kraljic matrix[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2023, 33(11): 221-230.

图/表 14

图1

图2

表1

表2

表3

图3

表4

表5

表6

表7

表8

表9

表10

相对物资价值和相对供应风险值

物资种类	a_i	b_i	$A ¯ i$	$B ¯ i$
个人防护装备	0.747	0.889	0.816	0.599
抢险车辆	0.762	1.137	0.832	0.766
侦检物资	0.762	1.414	0.832	0.953
警戒物资	0.561	0.889	0.613	0.599
灭火物资	0.915	1.483	1.000	1.000
通信物资	0.455	0.889	0.497	0.599
医疗物资	0.915	1.483	1.000	1.000
破拆物资	0.747	0.889	0.816	0.599
堵漏物资	0.703	0.8889	0.768	0.599
输转物资	0.593	1.414	0.648	0.953
洗消物资	0.700	1.414	0.765	0.953
排烟照明	0.607	0.889	0.663	0.599

表10

图4

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发生时间	发生地点	事故类型	伤亡人数	直接经济损失/亿元
2013-11-22	山东青岛	输油管道泄漏爆炸	63死,156伤	7.52
2015-08-12	天津滨海新区	大型火灾爆炸	165死,798伤	68.66
2016-08-11	湖北当阳	高压管道裂爆	22死,4伤	0.23
2017-07-26	山东临沂	液化气泄漏爆炸	10死,9伤	0.45
2018-11-28	河北张家口	聚乙烯泄漏爆燃	24死,22伤	0.42
2019-03-21	江苏响水	火灾爆炸	78死,716伤	19.86
2021-06-13	湖北十堰	燃气爆炸	26死,138伤(其中重伤37)	0.54

事故类型(场景)	应急措施	应急物资需求特征
持续型火灾(固体火灾、池火灾、喷射火灾等)	扑救与控制	消防灭火物资及设备
持续型火灾(固体火灾、池火灾、喷射火灾等)	医疗救急	应急医疗物资
瞬时型火灾 (闪火、火球等)	医疗救急	应急医疗物资
爆炸	医疗救急	应急医疗物资
中毒与泄漏	堵漏、控制	堵漏专用物资
	中和、洗消	洗消类物资
	医疗救急	应急医疗物资

序号	物资	细类
1	救援人员个体防护	消防头盔、正压式空气呼吸器、化学防护服、过滤式防毒面具、灭火防护服、防静电内衣、防化用具、安全腰带、消防腰斧、呼救器、消防手套
2	抢险车辆	灭火抢险救援车、举高抢险救援车、专勤抢险救援车、后勤抢险救援车
3	侦检物资	有毒气体探测仪、可燃气体探测仪、红外探测仪、便携式气象仪、水质分析仪、红外热像仪、测温仪、核放射探测仪、电子酸碱测试仪、激光测距仪、漏电探测仪
4	警戒物资	警戒标志杆、锥形事故标志柱、隔离警示带、出入口标志牌、危险警示牌、闪光警示牌、手持扩音器
5	灭火物资	机动手抬泵、移动式消防炮、AB类比例混合器、泡沫液桶、空气泡沫枪、拉梯、移动式水带卷盘、压力水带、水幕水带、其他消防物资
6	通信物资	移动电话、对讲机、消防通信指挥系统、报警电话、无线音视频传输设备
7	医疗物资	缓降器、医药急救箱、医疗药品、逃生面罩、折叠式担架、多功能担架、救援三角架、救生软梯、安全绳、心肺复苏机、氧气瓶、殓尸袋
8	破拆物资	液压破拆工具、无齿锯、机动链锯、手动破拆工具、玻璃破碎器、手持式钢筋速断器、开门器
9	堵漏物资	木制堵漏楔、液体泄漏堵漏工具、气体泄漏堵漏工具、无火花工具、金属堵漏套管、堵漏袋、管道粘结剂、堵漏套具
10	输转物资	防爆输转泵、手动隔膜抽吸泵、有毒物质密封桶、吸附垫、吸附棉、集污袋
11	洗消物资	强酸强碱清洗剂、强酸强碱洗消器、洗消帐篷、洗消粉
12	排烟照明	移动式排烟机、坑道小型空气输送机、移动照明灯组、移动发电机

一级指标	二级指标	指标量化
物资价值	采购价格占比a₁/%	(70,100] (40,70] [0,40]	a₁=5 a₁=3 a₁=1
	缺货造成的影响a₂	较大一般较小	a₂=5 a₂=3 a₂=1
	物资消耗率a₃/%	(70,100] (40,70] [0,40]	a₃=5 a₃=3 a₃=1
	物资可替代性a₄	较低一般较高	a₄=5 a₄=3 a₄=1
	采购数量a₅	较多一般较少	a₅=5 a₅=3 a₅=1
供应风险	供应商数量b₁	较多一般较少	b₁=5 b₁=3 b₁=1
	产品质量 b₂	较好一般较差	b₂=5 b₂=3 b₂=1
	供应商服务质量b₃	较好一般较差	b₃=5 b₃=3 b₃=1

二级指标	a₁	a₂	a₃	a₄	a₅
a₁	1	1/7	1/5	1/5	1/3
a₂	7	1	1/3	3	5
a₃	5	3	1	3	5
a₄	5	1/3	1/3	1	2
a₅	3	1/5	1/5	1/2	1