水凝胶对三元锂电池热失控抑制效果研究

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.0104

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为快速有效扑灭锂离子电池火灾,解决灭火时间长、耗水量大等消防领域关注的难题,探究水凝胶灭火剂对大容量锂离子电池热失控的抑制效果。首先,借助环境扫描电镜,分析水凝胶在高温下微观结构的变化;然后,搭建锂电池燃烧试验平台,开展水凝胶灭火试验;最后,以车用135 Ah方形铝壳三元锂电池组为试验对象,采用电加热的方法诱导其发生热失控,探究水凝胶对锂电池的降温抑制效果。结果表明:水凝胶受热后,内部孔状结构被破坏,有利于其黏附在物体表面持续降温;使用水凝胶灭火降温时,电池表面最大降温速率是水的2倍,水凝胶喷放结束后,锂电池温度回升速率较为缓慢,升温速率仅为水的一半;与水相比,水凝胶延缓相邻电池发生热失控的时间更长,这可以为救援逃生带来更长的安全时间。

关键词: 水凝胶, 热失控, 三元锂电池, 抑制效果, 降温速率, 安全时间

Abstract:

In order to quickly and effectively extinguish the lithium-ion battery fire, solve the problems concerned in the fire protection field, such as long fire extinguishing time and high water consumption, and explore the inhibition effect of hydrogel extinguishing agent on the thermal runaway of large capacity lithium-ion batteries. Firstly, the microstructure of hydrogel at high temperatures was analyzed by an environmental scanning electron microscope. Then, by building a lithium battery combustion test platform, the hydrogel fire extinguishing test was carried out. Taking the 135 Ah square aluminium case ternary lithium-ion battery pack for vehicles as the test object, the electric heating method was used to induce its thermal runaway and explore the cooling inhibition effect of hydrogel on lithium batteries. The results show that the pore structure of the hydrogel is destroyed after being heated, which is conducive to its adhesion to the surface of the object and continuous cooling. When using hydrogel for fire extinguishing and cooling, the maximum cooling rate of the battery surface is twice that of water. After the hydrogel is sprayed, the temperature of the lithium battery rises slowly, and the heating rate is only half that of water. Compared with water, the hydrogel can delay the thermal runaway of adjacent batteries for a longer time, which can bring longer safety time for rescue and escape.

Key words: hydrogel, thermal runaway, ternary lithium ion battery, inhibition effect, cooling rate, safety time

中图分类号:

X932爆炸安全与防火、防爆

刘淳元, 张国维, 杨林, 欧阳晨亮, 张作睿. 水凝胶对三元锂电池热失控抑制效果研究[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2024, 34(5): 186-194.

LIU Chunyuan, ZHANG Guowei, YANG Lin, OUYANG Chenliang, ZHANG Zuorui. Study on inhibition effect of hydrogel on thermal runaway of ternary lithium-ion battery[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024, 34(5): 186-194.

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序号	灭火剂	喷放时长/s	A电池最大降温速率/ (℃·s^-1)	灭火剂喷放结束A 电池升温速率/ (℃·s^-1)	灭火剂喷放结束B 电池热失控间隔时间/s	灭火剂喷放结束C 电池热失控间隔时间/s
1	—	—	—	—	78	173
2	水	20	32	22	82	199
3	水	30	42	19	158	282
4	水	40	45	21.5	166	288
5	水凝胶	20	89.5	11.5	294	604
6	水凝胶	30	105.5	8	475	665
7	水凝胶	40	108	9.5	619	722