不同尾矿坝溃坝模式下尾砂流时空演化特征

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.1253

中国安全科学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (6): 127-133.doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.06.1253

不同尾矿坝溃坝模式下尾砂流时空演化特征

贾慧敏¹(), 田森¹^,²^,^**(), 李永新¹^,³, 葛兆龙¹^,², 司鹄¹

¹ 重庆大学资源与安全学院, 重庆 400044
² 重庆大学煤矿灾害动力学与控制全国重点实验室, 重庆 400044
³ 芒市华盛金矿开发有限公司, 云南芒市 678400

收稿日期:2026-01-23 修回日期:2026-04-18 出版日期:2026-06-28
通信作者:
^** 田森(1986—),男,宁夏银川人,博士,副教授,主要从事矿山岩体工程灾变动力学、岩土边坡稳定性及滑坡灾害监测预警等方面的研究。E-mail: sentian@cqu.edu.cn。
作者简介:
贾慧敏 (1999—),女,山西太原人,硕士研究生,研究方向为岩土边坡稳定性。E-mail:1361313247@qq.com。
葛兆龙, 教授
司鹄, 教授
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金面上项目资助(52574138); 深地国家科技重大专项项目(2024ZD1003803); 金属矿山开采安全与灾害防治全国重点实验室开放课题(2025-JSKSSYS-07); 芒市华盛金矿开发有限公司项目(MSHSJKFW26009)

Spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of tailings flow under different dam failure modes of tailings dams

Jia Huimin¹(), Tian Sen¹^,²^,^**(), Li Yongxin¹^,³, Ge Zhaolong¹^,², Si Hu¹

¹ School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
² National Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
³ Mangshi Huasheng Gold Mine Development Co., Ltd., Mangshi Yunnan 678400, China

Received:2026-01-23 Revised:2026-04-18 Published:2026-06-28

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为满足尾矿坝风险评估和下游防灾区监测预警的需求,以芒市某金矿尾矿坝为对象,分析不同溃坝模式下尾砂流时空演化特征。构建三维地质单元耦合模型,设置强降雨洪水漫顶溃坝情景,选取溃口宽度178、89、20 m等3种典型模式,模拟尾砂流流速分布、流量变化、淤埋深度、淹没范围及冲击力传播过程,评估下游区域危险度及风险演化特征。结果表明:尾砂流动力演化呈初始加速、扩展增强、能量衰减3阶段特征,溃口宽度显著影响尾砂流流速、流量及淹没范围,溃口越大,释放动能越强,波及范围越广,流量变化越显著;溃口宽度为178 m时,流量达到最大值1 925.31 m³/s;不同溃口模式下,冲击力空间分布存在差异,较小溃口对下游关键区域局部冲击作用更强,且冲击力随距坝体距离增加而减弱;溃口宽度为89 m、距坝脚300 m处,尾砂流最大冲击力达到18 kN/m,而距坝脚600 m处最大冲击力降至5 kN/m;尾砂流淤埋深度和淹没范围沿主流方向逐渐减小,距坝体越远,流动影响越弱。强降雨漫顶溃坝条件下,尾砂流致灾危险度受溃口宽度、下泄动能、传播距离及地形约束共同控制,其风险演化表现为近坝区高流速、高冲击力和高淤埋危险,中远距离区域随能量耗散而危险度逐步降低。

关键词: 尾矿坝, 尾砂流, 溃坝模式, 溃口宽度, 冲击力

Abstract:

To address the requirements for tailings dam risk assessment and monitoring/early warning in downstream disaster-prone areas, this study analyzes the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of tailings flow under different dam-break modes, taking a gold mine tailings dam in Mangshi as the object.A three-dimensional geological-unit coupled model was established, and a heavy-rainfall-induced flood overtopping failure scenario was designed. Three typical breach-width modes, namely 178, 89, and 20 m, were selected to simulate the velocity distribution, discharge variation, deposition depth, inundation extent, and impact-force propagation process of tailings flow, thereby evaluating the hazard degree and risk evolution characteristics of downstream area. The results show that the dynamic evolution of the tailings flow exhibits three stages: initial acceleration, expansion development and energy attenuation. Breach width significantly affects the velocity, discharge, and inundation extent of the tailings flow. A larger breach releases greater kinetic energy, affects a wider area, and results in more pronounced discharge variation. When the breach width is 178 m, the discharge reaches a maximum of 1 925.31 m³/s. Under different breach modes, the spatial distribution of impact force varies. Smaller breach exerts stronger local impact on key downstream areas, and the impact force decreases with increasing distance from the dam. At a breach width of 89 m, the maximum impact force of tailings flow reaches 18 kN/m at 300 m from the dam toe, and decreases to 5 kN/m at 600 m. The buried depth and inundation extent of the tailings flow gradually decrease along the main flow direction, and the flow influence weakens farther away from the dam. Under heavy-rainfall-induced overtopping failure, the disaster hazard degree of tailings flow is jointly controlled by breach width, discharged kinetic energy, propagation distance, and topographic constraints. The risk evolution is characterized by high flow velocity, strong impact force and high buried hazard in the near-dam area, while the hazard degree of middle and far downstream areas gradually decreases with energy dissipation.

Key words: tailings dam, tailings flow, dam-break mode, breach width, impact force

中图分类号:

X936

贾慧敏, 田森, 李永新, 葛兆龙, 司鹄. 不同尾矿坝溃坝模式下尾砂流时空演化特征[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2026, 36(6): 127-133.

Jia Huimin, Tian Sen, Li Yongxin, Ge Zhaolong, Si Hu. Spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of tailings flow under different dam failure modes of tailings dams[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2026, 36(6): 127-133.

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层级	初始干密度 p₁(kg/m³)	渗透系数 K_e/(cm/s)	饱和密度 ρ_e/(kg/m³)	体积模量 B/MPa	剪切模量 G/MPa	内摩擦角 Φ/(°)	黏聚力 C/kPa
初始坝体	2 230	7.31×10^-3	2 450	2 550.00	5 100.00	45.00	540.00
基岩	2 500	6.50×10^-7	2 500	8 300.00	4 500.00	43.00	480.00
尾细砂	1 620	3.35×10^-4	1 790	21.56	5.43	35.81	10.50
尾粉砂	1 900	8.75×10^-4	1 970	29.96	6.25	34.78	11.80
尾粉土	1 994	4.98×10^-5	2 140	23.65	5.69	32.51	14.78

分层	粒径/mm	临界希尔兹系数	挟带系数(默认值)	推移质系数(默认值)	休止角(默认值)
尾细砂	0.11	0.052	0.018	8	32
尾粉砂	0.04	0.019	0.018	8	32
尾粉土	0.03	0.013	0.018	8	32

不同尾矿坝溃坝模式下尾砂流时空演化特征

Spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of tailings flow under different dam failure modes of tailings dams

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