水位升降作用下露天矿岩质边坡变形破坏机制

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.02.1577

中国安全科学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (2): 127-135.doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.02.1577

水位升降作用下露天矿岩质边坡变形破坏机制

孙祚¹^,²(), 佟瑞鹏¹, 齐庆杰², 刘英杰²^,³^,^**(), 甘一雄²^,³, 孟城²

¹ 中国矿业大学(北京) 应急管理与安全工程学院,北京 100083
² 煤炭科学研究总院, 北京 100013
³ 露天煤矿灾害防治与生态保护全国重点实验室,北京 100013

收稿日期:2025-10-08 修回日期:2025-12-24 出版日期:2026-02-28
通信作者:
^** 刘英杰(1985—),男,内蒙古通辽人,博士,研究员,主要从事煤矿灾害监测预警与防控、应急救援技术与装备的研究与开发应用。E-mail: liuyingjie@mail.ccri.ccteg.cn。
作者简介:
孙祚 (1990—),男,山东枣庄人,博士研究生,副研究员,主要研究方向为矿山灾害风险评估与预警、矿山安全标准。E-mail: sun_zuo6@163.com。
佟瑞鹏, 教授;
齐庆杰, 教授;
甘一雄, 助理研究员
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金资助(52174188)

Deformation and failure mechanisms of open-pit mine rock slopes under water level fluctuations

SUN Zuo¹^,²(), TONG Ruipeng¹, QI Qingjie², LIU Yingjie²^,³^,^**(), GAN Yixiong²^,³, MENG Cheng²

¹ School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
² Chinese Institute of Coal Science, Beijing 100013, China
³ State Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Ecology Protection in Open-pit Coal Mines, Beijing 100013, China

Received:2025-10-08 Revised:2025-12-24 Published:2026-02-28

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为解决蓄水废弃露天矿岩质边坡在水位升降作用下易沿节理面失稳的问题,通过制备含节理及软弱夹层的相似材料,开展边坡物理模型试验。基于正交试验设计优化相似材料配比,确保其力学与渗流特性与原岩相似。在模型内部布设孔隙水压力、土压力、含水率及位移传感器,系统监测水位升降过程中边坡的多场响应。通过设置不同循环次数与水位变化速率工况,研究边坡的变形特征与破坏机制。结果表明:相同速率下多次水位升降引发的冲刷效应对边坡表面产生一定程度的破坏,但内部结构损伤较小,单一的水位缓速升降对整体稳定性影响不大。水位的升降速率对边坡影响较为显著,水位下降速率与坡体位移增速成正相关,指向坡体外侧的孔隙水压力越大,孔隙水压力受滞后效应影响越明显,边坡失稳可能性越高。

关键词: 水位升降, 露天矿, 岩质边坡, 变形破坏, 相似材料, 模型试验

Abstract:

To investigate the instability of rock slopes along joint surfaces in water-impounded abandoned open-pit mines under fluctuating water-level conditions, physical model tests were performed using similar materials containing joints and weak interlayers. The mix proportion of the similar materials was optimized through orthogonal experimental design to ensure that their mechanical and seepage properties corresponded to those of the in-situ rock mass. Multiple types of sensors were embedded in the model to monitor pore water pressure, earth pressure, moisture content, and displacement, enabling systematic observation of the multi-field responses of the slope during water-level fluctuations. Working conditions with different numbers of cycles and varied rates of water-level change were designed to examine the deformation characteristics and failure mechanisms of the slope. The results indicate that certain damage to the slope surface is caused by the scouring effect induced by repeated water-level fluctuations at a constant rate, although internal structural damage is limited. This suggests that overall stability is little influenced by slow, single water-level fluctuations. The rate of water-level change is shown to significantly affect slope behavior, with slope displacement increases positively correlated with the rate of water-level decline. Furthermore, the greater the outward-directed pore water pressure of the slope is, the more significantly it is influenced by the hysteresis effect, and the higher likelihood of slope instability becomes.

Key words: water level rise and fall, open-pit mine, rock slope, deformation failure, similar materials, model test

中图分类号:

X936

孙祚, 佟瑞鹏, 齐庆杰, 刘英杰, 甘一雄, 孟城. 水位升降作用下露天矿岩质边坡变形破坏机制[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2026, 36(2): 127-135.

SUN Zuo, TONG Ruipeng, QI Qingjie, LIU Yingjie, GAN Yixiong, MENG Cheng. Deformation and failure mechanisms of open-pit mine rock slopes under water level fluctuations[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2026, 36(2): 127-135.

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编号	水泥掺量/%	重晶石砂/g	重晶石粉/g	水泥/ g	水/ g
1	1.0	1 810	1 000.5	40	240
2	1.2	1 810	1 000.5	48	250
3	1.4	1 810	1 000.5	56	255
4	1.6	1 810	1 000.5	64	260
5	1.8	1 810	1 000.5	72	265
6	1.0	3 300	564	40	240
7	1.2	3 300	564	48	250
8	1.4	3 300	564	56	255
9	1.6	3 300	564	64	260
10	1.8	3 300	564	72	265

编号	抗压强度/MPa	密度/ (g·cm^-3)	弹性模量/MPa	渗透系数/ (m·h^-1)	泊松比
1	0.24	2.437	29.31	5.884×10^-8	0.28
2	0.268 5	2.520	27.15	5.54×10^-8	0.33
3	0.324 4	2.543	28.27	5.652×10^-8	0.32
4	0.37	2.587	31.44	4.987×10^-8	0.28
5	0.13	2.349	35.75	6.130×10^-8	0.29
6	0.17	2.373	36.66	5.927×10^-8	0.26
7	0.33	2.392	35.42	6.429×10^-8	0.23
8	0.37	2.406	38.95	6.698×10^-8	0.27

参数	相似材料	原岩材料(砂岩)	相似比
质量m/g	482	500	1∶1.04
密度ρ/(g·cm^-3)	2.32	2.57	1∶1.10
抗压强度σ/MPa	0.34	80	1∶235
泊松比ν	0.27	0.33	1∶1.22
弹性模量E/MPa	29.31	6 600	1∶225

物理力学响应	试验分析	水岩相互作用机制
材料软化与强度衰减	经过4次循环后,坡体表面岩土体的抗剪强度有所衰减,其中,黏聚力下降更为明显	水分入渗使岩土体颗粒间的胶结物质溶解、迁移,导致黏聚力下降;同时水分在矿物表面形成水膜,降低内摩擦角
渗透压力作用	当排水速率达到蓄水速率的8倍时(V_d=8V_s),坡脚处最大位移量达到0.66 mm,表明渗透压力对坡体稳定性影响显著	水位上升阶段,形成指向坡内的渗透压力,推动坡体向前位移;水位下降阶段,坡体内外形成水头差,产生指向坡外的渗透压力(动水压力)
孔隙水压力变化与有效应力原理	在高速排水工况下(n=12),孔隙水压力下降幅度最大达0.09 kPa,且消散缓慢	水位上升时,孔隙水压力增大,岩土体有效应力减小,抗剪强度降低;水位下降时,孔隙水压力消散滞后于外部水位变化,导致坡体内仍保持较高孔隙水压力
润滑与渗流侵蚀作用	循环作用促进坡体内微裂隙的扩展与连通,从而改变其渗流特性,加速水岩相互作用的进程	水分在岩体裂隙中流动,不仅起润滑作用降低滑面抗滑力,还对细小颗粒进行迁移和冲刷,逐渐扩大渗流通道,改变岩体渗透特性

发展阶段	试验分析	变形累积与裂纹发展规律
初始均匀变形阶段	循环次数较少(1~2次)或水位变化速率较低(n=2)时,该阶段位移-时间曲线呈可恢复性波动,坡体处于弹性变形阶段	位移、孔隙水压力等参数变化微弱,边坡整体稳定性良好。此时岩土体以压缩变形为主,无明显裂纹产生
局部损伤与裂纹萌生阶段	当排水速率提高至4倍蓄水速率时,坡脚处出现长度约2 cm的剪切裂缝,坡顶出现细长张拉裂纹	随循环次数增加或水位变化速率提高,应力集中区域开始出现微裂纹。裂纹主要沿岩层分界面和节理面扩展,表现出明显的方向性
裂纹贯通与变形局部化阶段	D2位置(坡腰)位移量在高水位变化速率作用下,从0.25 mm快速增至0.521 mm,表明变形由均匀分布向局部集中转变	在多次干湿循环或高水位变化速率作用下,微裂纹逐渐扩展并相互连接,形成贯通的潜在滑面。边坡进入塑性变形阶段,整体稳定性显著降低

水位升降作用下露天矿岩质边坡变形破坏机制

Deformation and failure mechanisms of open-pit mine rock slopes under water level fluctuations

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