China Safety Science Journal

System fault evolution process based on quantum thought description

CUI Tiejun, LI Shasha, DENG Wenhao

2025, 35(5): 1-7. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.0671

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In order to study the SFEP and its characteristics, a method for describing SFEP using quantum concepts is proposed. The relationship between SFEP and event function states was discussed. The principle of describing SFEP by quantum thought was studied. The mathematical model of quantum description of SFEP was constructed. The measurement collapse of SFEP quantum states was realized, and the failure mode and its probability were finally determined. The results indicate that SFEP has diversity and uncertainty, event quantum state superposition, measurement collapse, bipolar state, which is the basis of studying SFEP through quantum thought. SFEP can be decomposed into multiple layers, with distinct objects and quantum state superposition modes in each layer. The SFEP quantum states are derived from the superposition of the quantum states of objects at each layer, which is composed of the polynomial product of the probability amplitude of the objects in each layer. The restriction conditions for the formation of the probability amplitude of quantum states of each layer are given. Each dimension of the SFEP quantum state vector is a fault state. The measurement of the factor phase value makes the SFEP quantum state collapse, and the possible failure mode and occurrence probability are obtained.

Risk zoo (VIII): metaphorical experiment on effect of golden monkey on unsafe behavior

TONG Ruipeng, LIANG Fanjie, WANG Denghui, MAO Ying

2025, 35(5): 8-15. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.0018

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In order to reduce the incidence of unsafe behaviors and strengthen the effect of unsafe behaviors popularization, a novel golden monkey metaphor was constructed based on the conceptual integration theory. Taking the severity information and the metaphorical framework of unsafe behaviors as independent variables, the experimental process of the unsafe behaviors metaphor was designed to explore the influence mechanism and possible intermediary factors of golden monkey metaphor on unsafe behavior. The results show that golden monkey is a human-subjective, pervasive, and high-frequency unsafe behavior that results in relatively small transient losses. Low severity messages increase willingness to change behavior. The use of golden monkey metaphors to imply unsafe behaviors is more persuasive than nonmetaphors and increases willingness to change behavior. Severity and negative emotions play a suppression effect and a fully mediating effect between severity message and willingness to change behavior respectively, and degree of cognitive fine processing partially mediates the effect between metaphorical framing of unsafe behavior and willingness to change behavior.

Work safety solution for China's chemical (hazardous chemicals) enterprise

WANG Haoshui

2025, 35(5): 16-22. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.0097

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In order to improve the work safety management level of China's chemical (hazardous chemicals) industry, firstly, the formation of chemical process safety management was expounded, including the traditional management method and the proposal of process safety concept. Then, the characteristics and specific content of the elements of the chemical process management elements system in China were analyzed, including 8 modules and 20 elements. Finally, a systematic solution was proposed, that was, four-element solution with safety leadership, management barrier (responsibility, equipment, management and capability), and safety culture as the primary-level elements. The results show that core elements of four-element solution are the concept, safety leadership, management barrier (responsibility, equipment, management, capability) and safety culture. Among them, safety leadership is the most critical element, leading the concept into practice, responsibility division, equipment upgrading, management system construction, capability improvement and culture cultivation. Other elements together constitute the skeleton of work safety management, and realize systematization. Businesses can help prevent accidents and improve the overall safety level of the industry by taking the lead and promoting the implementation of various elements through participation of all staff.

Evolutionary game analysis of dangerous goods transportation in civil aviation under dynamic penalty mechanism: case of airline and ground service agents

SHEN Haibin, HU Ling, LI Na, ZHANG Wenyi, XIE Runqi

2025, 35(5): 23-31. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.0301

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In addressing the issues of non-compliance by ground service agents and lax supervision by airlines in the transportation of hazardous materials in civil aviation. Firstly, evolutionary game models between airlines and ground service agents were constructed under both static and dynamic punishment mechanisms. The evolutionary stable strategies under different mechanisms were then explored. Subsequently, a quantitative analysis model was developed by integrating system dynamics to further analyze the interactions between the two parties. Finally, simulations were conducted to analyze the impact of key parameters on the behavioral strategies of both sides. The results reveal that under the static punishment mechanism, no stable equilibrium point is observed in the game system. No evolutionary stable strategy is formed, with the behavioral strategies of both parties showing periodic fluctuations over time. In contrast, when a dynamic punishment mechanism is introduced, a stable equilibrium point emerged in the game system. The behavioral strategies of both parties converge to a stable focal point. Moreover, compared with a low level of punishment, a higher level of punishment is found to be more effective in increasing the probability that ground service agents strictly comply with the agency agreement.

Interaction mechanism and model of coal mine safety management behaviors

WANG Dalong, WANG Bingshan, CAO Rui, WANG Zhigang, LYU Hongliang, TONG Ruipeng

2025, 35(5): 32-38. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.1094

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In order to explore the interaction mechanism among various behaviors in coal mine safety management, firstly, the coal mine safety management behaviors were divided into organizational safety behavior and individual unsafe behavior. Then, four dimensions and 16 sub-dimensions of organizational safety behaviors were ide.pngied, and 11 types of unsafe behavior were also ide.pngied. Finally, the interrelationships of different dimensions of organizational safety behaviors were explored, and the interaction model of coal mine safety management behavior was constructed. The results indicate that the highest degree of cause is safety supervision and inspection, and the lowest degree of cause is safety accident management. Safety education and training plays an important role as an intermediary and a bridge. The higher centrality of implementing training programs and providing adequate and effective safety training indicates that they dominate the interactions of organizational safety behaviors. The most common unsafe behavior is the failure to effectively stop and correct violations. The interaction model of coal mine safety management behavior includes a driving mechanism and a feedback mechanism.

Experimental study on fire flue-gas temperature change flame retardant conveyor belt in full-scale roadway

WANG Yuhuai, ZHANG Sijia, LI Dongming, HUANG Gang, ZHANG Wenming

2025, 35(5): 39-46. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.0987

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In order to investigate the variation characteristics of flue-gas temperature at different locations of flame retardant belt during a fire, a fire test was conducted on flame-retardant conveyor belts in a full-scale roadway. First, six temperature measurement sections were arranged along the axial direction in the roadway, and five thermocouples were installed at each section to record the flue-gas temperature at different locations during the combustion process. Then, a fire characteristic test was conducted on a 4 m × 1.2 m (length × width) steel wire rope core flame retardant belt under the condition of wind speed of 1.2 m/s in the full-scale roadway. The experimental results show that the distance from the fire source determines the flue-gas temperature and temperature rise process in the downstream area of the fire source. The closer to the fire source, the stronger the heat effect caused by the combustion of flame retardant tape, and the higher the flue-gas temperature at the corresponding location. Since the tape fire is an unsteady combustion process, and the change in smoke temperature at different sections after a period of time is nonlinear related to the distance from the fire source. In a horizontal roadway at the same height, the flue-gas temperature on both sides of the roadway is higher than that in the middle of the roadway. As the distance from the fire source increases, the temperature difference between the middle and the sides of the roadway gradually decreases. In the longitudinal range of the roadway downstream of the fire source, the flue-gas exhibits a str.pngied state, and the flue-gas temperature decreases gradually from the roof to the floor of the roadway. There is an obvious temperature difference between flue-gas layers at different heights, and the temperature difference between the flue-gas layers decreases gradually with increasing distance from the fire source.

Intelligent generation of tunnel high ground temperature prevention and control measures based on cloud case-based reasoning

WANG Jingchun, TIAN Siao

2025, 35(5): 47-55. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.0744

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In order to solve the problem of ambiguity and limitation of application scope in the establishment of safety prevention and control measures for high-temperature tunnel construction, a method of generating prevention and control measures for high-temperature tunnels based on C-CBR is proposed. Firstly, the index system of the cloud case base is constructed for the tunnel high ground temperature and heat damage problem and combined with the analytic hierarchy process(AHP)-entropy weighting method for the comprehensive weighting calculation. Secondly, the cloud historical case base is constructed based on the three basic characteristic indexes of the cloud model, namely expectation, entropy, and hyperentropy, and the principle of case-based reasoning, and the collaborative filtering algorithm is applied to preliminarily filter the historical cases which are in line with the requirements. And then, the cloud model algorithm which integrates the shape-distance is introduced to achieve the integration between target cases and historical case base. Then, the integrated shape-distance cloud model algorithm is introduced to achieve similarity matching between the target cases and the historical case base, to correct the similarity and update the historical case base to generate the optimal similarity prevention and control measures; finally, the optimal similarity prevention and control measures are fully compared with the actual prevention and control measures in the field. The results show that the corrected similarity between the optimal historical case and the target case generated based on C-CBR is 0.746 0, which is a good match, and the the target case similar prevention and control measures are basically in line with the actual prevention and control measures of the project, which makes the generation method more applicable to different tunnels with high ground temperatures under construction.

Data-driven correlation analysis and early warning strategy for potential safety hazards in construction

ZENG Dalin, XIAO Fangzheng, JIANG Zhichao, ZHANG Haiyang

2025, 35(5): 56-63. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.0883

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To explore the potential early warning value of construction safety hazard data and improve the efficiency of hazard ide.pngication and control, this study investigated a data-driven approach for the association analysis and early warning strategy of construction safety hazards by integrating text mining, association rule mining, and complex network theory. First, 1 405 construction safety inspection records in 2023 were standardized and dimensionally reduced using text mining techniques, resulting in the extraction of 67 safety hazard features. Then, 70 frequent itemsets and 125 strong association rules were obtained using the Apriori algorithm, and the types of hazard associations were ide.pngied. Subsequently, a hazard feature network was constructed based on complex network theory. Key hazard features were ide.pngied through structural and node-level indicators, combined with feature modularity analysis. Finally, a feature-driven early warning strategy was proposed. The results show that text mining effectively reduces the dimensionality of unstructured hazard data. The hazard feature network based on association rules successfully reveals hidden associations within the data and enhances the reliability of early warning information, providing clear direction and reference for on-site hazard detection. The early warning strategy helps address the issues of disorder and inefficiency in traditional hazard inspections.

Optimization decomposition and related feature analysis of rock vibration signals in gas blasting

FU Xiaoqiang, DAI Liangyu, YU Jin, SHAO Yiqiang

2025, 35(5): 64-72. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.1493

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In order to solve the problem of difficulty in determining the number of modes and quadratic penalty factors in the process of variational mode decomposition, a GWO-VMD algorithm was proposed. Based on the Longlong Tunnel gas explosion method construction, an integrated acquisition module was used to collect vibration signals during the rock-breaking process. The phase space reconstruction recursive graph (RP) similarity model was used to accurately distinguish the GWO-VMD principal components of the signals. The real signal with interference removed was reconstructed, revealing the distribution characteristics of the energy of the gas explosion signal in the time-frequency domain, and qua.pngying the accuracy error of the digital electronic detonator. The results show that compared with traditional variational mode algorithms, the GWO-VMD algorithm has significant advantages in improving the signal-to-noise ratio and adaptive feature extraction of gas explosion signals, and has strong time-varying frequency tracking performance. It can accurately ide.pngy the detonation accuracy of digital detonators and effectively ide.pngy the related of tunnel-blasting detonator disaster sources.

Mechanism and control technology of floor heave in fully mechanized top-coal caving faces of ultra-thick coal seams

ZHU Zhijie, WANG Peng, LI Ruiqi, QIN Hongyan, SHI Qingwen, CHEN Kun

2025, 35(5): 73-81. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.0971

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In order to address the floor heave issue during the mining of fully mechanized top-coal caving faces in ultra-thick coal seams, the floor heave mechanism was investigated through field investigations, theoretical analysis, and numerical simulations. Corresponding control technologies were proposed. The ZF1409 working face in a coal mine in Shaanxi province was selected as the engineering case. Key findings include: Severe floor heave predominantly occurs during periodic weighting periods. Higher shield support resistance is observed, particularly in areas with mudstone-dominated floor strata or thin residual coal beneath the floor. The sliding surface of the floor stratum primarily consists of weak mudstone with low ultimate bearing capacity. Floor heave initiates when the applied load exceeds the ultimate bearing capacity. The frictional resistance and cohesion generated by the self-weight of the rock mass along the sliding surface are overcome. Numerical modeling of the ZF1409 face reveals that shield support resistance plays a critical role in floor heave evolution. Under fully mechanized top-coal caving conditions in ultra-thick coal seams, the sudden rupture of the near-field key stratum forms a cantilever beam structure, causing rapid escalation of shield resistance and subsequent floor heave. Implementing underground regional hydraulic fracturing technology to precondition the near-field key stratum effectively mitigates floor heave by optimizing stress redistribution.

Evolution and assessment techniques of marine nuclear safety under new situation

LIN Wuhui, DU Jinqiu, TUO Fei, CAO Shaofei, WANG Yitong, HU Wangjiang

2025, 35(5): 82-90. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.0463

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In order to constrain the definition and scope of marine nuclear safety and to ultimately support the comprehensive objectives of protecting human health, guaranteeing radiation safety for the marine environment and organisms, and maintaining marine biodiversity and ecological service functions, the evolving concepts from safety, marine safety, and nuclear safety, to marine nuclear safety were comprehensively tracked. Assessing techniques of marine nuclear safety including background baseline method, activity limit method, dose limit method, and radiation risk method were established to evaluate the discharging of a.pngicial radionuclides into the ocean. To protect human health and ecological and environmental safety, priority directions including source ide.pngication, bioconcentration, and transfer of radionuclides and their associated nuclear safety assessment in seafood based on "Big Food Concept", assessment of radiation dose on marine biotas and protection, and radionuclides-driven synergistic effects of multiple pollutants were proposed and suggested for the future development of marine nuclear safety. In summary, this study systematically examines the conceptual framework and scope of marine nuclear safety, evaluates the advantages and applicability of four assessment methodologies to address multi-level nuclear safety management needs, and ide.pngies three key research directions to advance the high-quality development of marine nuclear safety assessment technologies in the context of climate change and human activity.

Influence law of power plant flue gas injection pressure on desorption efficiency of adsorbed state gas in coal beds

BAI Gang, ZHANG Haijing, SU Jun, LIANG Han, ZHANG Xiaowen, LIU Zhengdong

2025, 35(5): 91-98. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.1581

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In order to explore the effect of gas injection pressure of power plant on the adsorption gas desorption efficiency of coal seam, NMR technology was used to quantitatively study the dynamic change process of CH₄ competitive adsorption under different gas injection pressure of power plant. The influence law of gas injection pressure on methane desorption, desorption efficiency and unit time recovery efficiency was obtained. The experimental results show that when anthracite coal adsorbs CH₄, the T₂ spectrum shows a bimodal characteristic. As time increases, the peak of T₂ spectrum of adsorbed CH₄ increases, while the peak of T₂ spectrum of free CH₄ decreases. With the increase of time, the adsorption rate of CH₄ by coal slows down. During the competitive adsorption process of power plant flue gas and CH₄ from coal, the T₂ spectrum exhibits three-peaks characteristics. As time progresses, the T₂ spectrum peaks of adsorbed CH₄ decreases, while the T₂ spectrum peaks of free CH₄ increases. The integrals of adsorbed and free T₂ spectra show an exponential function with the adsorption time, and a linear function with the pressure of flue gas injection in the power plant. The power plant flue gas injection pressure shows a linear increase with CH₄ desorption efficiency. The injection of 3.5 MPa power plant flue gas increases the total desorption of adsorbed CH₄ from coal samples in the sample tank by 0.016 mol, enhances the recovery efficiency per unit time by 3.440%, and increases the total desorption efficiency by 20.631%, compared to 1.5 MPa.

Research on crossing operation separation of urban logistics UAVs at same altitude based on Event model

ZHANG Jian, ZHAO Yifei, LU Fei, LI Zongxiao, LUO Xinyue

2025, 35(5): 99-105. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.1230

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In view of the booming of flight flow of urban logistics UAVs and low airspace utilization due to isolation mode of operation, safe and efficient cross-operation needs to be implemented. The crossing separation model was constructed by studying the crossing operation collision risk at the same altitude, and the core parameters such as lateral error, vertical error and longitudinal proximity rate were determined. By introducing the Event model method and constructing separation model, the failure probability of airborne CDR system was further considered. By using event tree analysis method, a comprehensive model of urban logistics UAV crossing separation was proposed and constructed. Results show that the required crossing separation is 158 m for the target safety of level 1.5×10^-8 and 155 m for the target safety of level 1×10^-6 when the route angle is 60 degrees. With the increase of crossing angle, the required separation generally shows an upward trend. When it approaches 180°, that is, opposite direction operation, the required separation increases sharply, which is consistent with the actual cognition.

Study on influence of particle shape on meso-mechanical properties of gas hydrate-bearing coal

GAO Xia, ZHAO Yuxian, WANG Baikun, WU Qiang, CUI Xianglong

2025, 35(5): 106-115. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.0582

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In order to investigate and predict the internal failure and instability characteristics of gas hydrate coal samples under triaxial action,laboratory triaxial compression tests were first conducted based on the gas hydrate solidification method. Using scanning electron microscope(SEM)images as reference, composite Clump particle templates were constructed to establish biaxial compression models through discrete element method (DEM). The models were featured different particle shapes (irregular and spherical) and saturation levels (40%, 60%, 80%), followed by simulated triaxial compression tests. A comparative analysis was then performed from both macroscopic and mesoscopic perspectives to examine the effects of Clump particles versus spherical particles on the mechanical behavior of gas hydrate-bearing coal. The results demonstrate that the peak strength of specimens increases with hydrate saturation for both particle shapes. The enhancement becomes less pronounced at higher saturation levels. Irregular particle specimens exhibit significantly greater strength than spherical ones, with maximum strength improvement reaching 142.01%. Both saturation and particle shape show limited influence on failure modes. All specimens exhibit bulging failure and X-shaped shear band distribution. Spherical particle specimens display substantially more particle rotations and larger failure zones compared to irregular particles. During loading, irregular particles form stable load-bearing networks through interlocking, supported by their notably higher average coordination number than spherical particles. These findings confirm the superior performance of irregular particle models in characterizing the mechanical behavior of gas hydrate-bearing coal.

Research on microstructure mechanical properties of consolidation of high-fluid slurry materials

GUO Xin, LI Dafang, LU Yi, SHI Shiliang, LI He, SONG Yi

2025, 35(5): 116-123. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.0804

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In order to explore the effect of high fluid slurry materials on the micromechanical properties of coal, the transition area formed by different slurry materials and coal after grouting was scanned by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Nanoindentation tests were carried out to analyze the effects of high fluid slurry materials on the microstructural characteristics and micromechanical properties of coal. Structural defects existed in the consolidated surface after grouting of ordinary cement materials. In view of this, the structural modification and mechanical strengthening mechanism of the transition area of the heterogeneous body were analyzed. The results show that the mechanical properties of the transition area between the high flow grouting material and the coal body are the weakest in the heterogeneous structure. This area is easy to break. The indentation modulus and indentation hardness in the transition zone between high flow grouting material and coal increase with the increase of mechanical properties of coal structure surface. After the ordinary cement grouting, the transition zone between the material and the coal body is large. The crystal density is low, there are obvious cracks between the material and the coal body, and the micromechanical properties are weak. After grouting, the high flow grouting material has close microstructure in the transition zone with coal. The transition zone with consolidated surface is small. Meanwhile, the interface transition zone (ITZ) has good micromechanical properties. These characteristics are helpful to improve the ability of gas extraction borehole deformation resistance.

Driving characteristics analysis and collision risk evaluation in expressway agglomerate fog areas

WU Fuwei, LI Yulong, MA Yong, WANG Chang, ZHANG Zhi

2025, 35(5): 124-134. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.1534

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In order to reduce the risk of traffic accidents in expressway agglomerate fog environment, the expressway agglomerate fog zone was divided into transition zone and conflict zone, and driving simulation tests were designed and carried out. Firstly, Analysis of Variance(ANOVA)and non-parametric tests were used to analyze the driving behavior in the two zones. Then, Pearson correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation characteristics of the driving behavior indicators between transition zone and conflict zone. Finally, a binary logistic regression model was used to explore the mechanism of the influence of driving behavior on the collision risk. The study shows that: in transition zone, driving experience and visibility change rate have a significant effect on speed standard deviation and inner boundary speed. Compared with novice drivers, experienced drivers have 36.8% lower speed standard deviation and 13.5% higher inner boundary speed. Visibility change rate has a statistically significant difference on speed standard deviation and inner boundary speed. Different visibility change rates correspond to different inner boundary speed and speed standard deviation. In conflict zone, time to collision (TTC) was significantly positively correlated with visibility, and reaction time was significantly negatively correlated with visibility. TTC, reaction time and collision rate were all significantly negatively correlated with the conflict distance. The speed adjustment behavior in the transition zone significantly affects collision risk in conflict zone.

Sedimentation law of fine tailings and characteristics of slurry flow by flume model test

CHEN Qinglin, BAO Lilin, WANG Xiaojun, DAI Zeyu, ZHANG Chao, WANG Guangjin

2025, 35(5): 135-144. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.0918

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To investigate the occurrence characteristics of the tailings deposit and slurry flow behavior during the damming process of tailings impoundments, the flume test model was used to carry out the fine-grained tailings accumulation damming test under single pipe slurry discharge conditions. The variation characteristics of beach slope, tailings particle size distribution, water level height and pore water pressure during the accumulation process of fine-grained tailings were studied. The tailings slurry flow and trajectory characteristics were analyzed, and the mechanism of tailings refinement along the deposition course was discussed. The results show that deposition slope decreased with the increase of the downstream distance. The particle size of tailings gradually becomes finer with increase of downstream distance, and the particle size is staggered with the increase of depth. The height of water level of tailings dam increases with the increase of height of dam, exhibiting a steep front slope and a gentle back slope overall. The pore water pressure rises during the discharge stage of tailings slurry and dissipates during the intermittent stage when tailings slurry stops discharging. The tailings slurry flows in a fan-shaped divergent pattern at the beginning of flume, in an irregular stream-like pattern in the middle section, and transitions from laminar flow to irregular rotational flow at the end. The slurry flow rate on dry beach surface fluctuates greatly, and slurry movement tends to be stable after reaching the tailings water surface. There is a significant difference in slurry movement characteristics before and after the interface between dry beach and tailings water.

Elastic wave response characteristics and mechanism of coal oxidation spontaneous combustion

ZHU Shuangjiang, LU Yi, LI He, LI Min, GUO Xin, ZHAO Xin

2025, 35(5): 145-152. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.1689

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In order to accurately locate the hidden spontaneous combustion area inside the broken coal pillar using elastic wave detection, the response characteristics and mechanism of the elastic wave velocity of coal to temperature were experimentally studied. Firstly, coal samples were pretreated by temperature programmed furnace to obtain coal samples with different oxidation degrees. Then, elastic wave and low-field NMR tests were conducted to analyze the characteristics of elastic wave and pore cracks of coal with different oxidation degrees. Finally, combined with thermogravimetric(TG) analysis and single variable briquette experiments, the elastic wave response characteristics and mechanism of coal oxidation spontaneous combustion were revealed. The results show that the P-wave and S-wave velocities of raw coal gradually decrease with increasing temperature, and the P-wave velocity decreases 2.4 times that of the S-wave velocity after the maximum mass loss temperature of TG curve. The decreasing trend of P-wave velocity shows an obvious segmental characteristic. Before the maximum mass loss temperature of the TG curve in stage Ⅰ, the P-wave velocity decreases at a rate of approximately 1.27 m/s·℃^-1. from the maximum mass loss temperature to the final temperature, the decline rate of P-wave velocity increases to 4.51 m/s·℃^-1. The porosity of coal increases from 1.57% at 30 ℃ to 9.6% at 360 ℃. In particular, after the temperature exceeds the maximum mass loss temperature, the number and aperture of cracks increase significantly, which not only lengthens the propagation path of elastic waves, but also decreases the propagation speed of elastic waves. As the propagation medium of elastic waves, the coal matrix does not decompose obviously before the maximum mass loss temperature, and the corresponding P-wave velocity of briquette remains stable at about 900 m/s. After exceeding the maximum mass loss temperature, the coal matrix decomposes rapidly, and the corresponding P-wave velocity of briquette drops to 798 m/s at 360 ℃, which proves that the coal matrix gradually transitions from a "high wave velocity" medium to a"low wave velocity" medium.

Research on effectiveness of aerogel fire extinguishing agents in preventing thermal runaway of lithium batteries

HE Lu, FU Jiangfeng, SUN Rong, ZHU Guoqing, CHENG Qingying, GUO Feng

2025, 35(5): 153-160. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.0757

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In order to evaluate the effectiveness of aerogel fire suppressants in preventing and controlling thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries, this study selected aluminum-shell ternary lithium-ion battery cells and 18650 battery modules as experimental subjects. By employing differentiated fire suppression approaches (including application methods and operational parameters), comparative experiments on extinguishing efficacy were conducted in a systematic manner, with parallel comparisons to water-based fire suppression systems. The results show that the aerogel extinguishing agent has better fire extinguishing performance and cooling effect than water for different quantities of ternary aluminum-shell single lithium batteries and 18650 battery modules. For four ternary aluminum shell single lithium batteries, using water to extinguish fire will cause the battery temperature to rise to 492 ℃, which cannot quickly and effectively reduce battery temperature. The extinguishing speed of an aerogel extinguishing agent is 4.5 times that of water, and it can effectively prevent the battery from reburning. For 8 ternary aluminum shell single lithium batteries and two 18650 battery modules, the aerogel extinguishing agent still shows a good fire extinguishing effect, short fire extinguishing time, significant cooling effect and no reburning. Use of the aerogel extinguishing agent and fire extinguishing strategies of continuous spraying with large flow, small flow cooling after large flow spraying and spraying and flooding in containers have different fire extinguishing effects. Results show that the aerogel extinguishing agent can not only effectively extinguish initial battery fire, but also its preheating foaming mechanism and good foam stability can effectively reduce battery temperature and prevent further mixing of combustible gas and air.

Research on cross-visual pedestrian monitoring based on virtual simulation in buildings

TAO Zhenxiang, LI Ying, HUANG Xubo, WANG Yisen, ZHANG Ping, YANG Rui

2025, 35(5): 161-168. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.0701

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In order to solve the problems of the high cost of multi-channel video data collection and long-term high-quality annotation in high-rise buildings or complex open building environments, the generation of multi-channel video data across the field of view and the automatic annotation of pedestrian images was realized. Firstly, a virtual reality scene was designed to simulate pedestrian movement and automatically obtain marker data. Secondly, unsupervised domain adaptation methods were researched to reduce the difference in feature distribution between source and target domain data, enabling the model to generalize to the target building scene. Finally, the model's generalization ability was verified. Results show that the constructed virtual reality scene effectively overcomes the difficulties of cross-visual video data collection and high-quality annotation. The unsupervised domain adaptation method increased the average first hit rate from 22.02% to 45.48%. By combining source domain style conversion, data augmentation, and target domain pseudo label generation, the first hit rate has been increased by 20%, reducing distribution bias and achieving generalization of the model in different building scenarios.

Influence of chelating agent and surfactant processing on wettability properties of coal

LIN Hanyi, JIANG Bingyou, WANG Yifan, WANG Haoyu, YU Changfei

2025, 35(5): 169-177. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.1287

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In order to solve the problem of mixed heavy metal substances in coal hindering the infiltration of dust suppression solution into coal pores and cracks, resulting in a weakened wetting effect of coal, experiments were conducted to explore the synergistic effect of chelating agents and surfactants on coal wettability. Firstly, based on the water injection test platform and the dust cutting simulation test platform, six injection methods were designed to experimentally determine the antagonistic effect between surfactants and chelating agents. Then, the effects of six injection methods on the dust production characteristics and wetting effect of coal samples were studied through cutting tests and surface wettability analysis. Finally, spray dust suppression was conducted to test the settling efficiency of pulverized coal enhanced by different injection methods. The results show that the coal sample treated by first injecting the chelating agent followed by the surfactant exhibits the lowest dust production concentration, at only 170.93 mg/m³, which is 64.49% lower than the 481.33 mg/m³ in the pure water group. Furthermore, the sequential injection protocol employing prior a chelating agent infusion followed by a surfactant delivery exhibits the most significant improvement in coal wettability, with the fastest rate of wetting-induced sedimentation of coal dust. In addition, the coal samples treated by the above method achieve a dust suppression efficiency of 91.2% in in spray dust suppression tests. Through molecular simulation and theoretical analysis, injecting a chelating agent solution to decompose heavy metals in coal fractures can improve the fluidity of the solution in coal. Subsequently, injecting a surfactant solution further enhances the wettability of coal.

Visual attention capture effect in cross-screen interaction of fault alarms in nuclear power display and control system

LI Qi'an, WU Xiaoli, YANG Xingcan, YAN Biao

2025, 35(5): 178-185. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.0826

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The nuclear power display control system is a typical cross-screen interaction scenario in which the manipulator must accurately and rapidly monitor and respond to multiple sources of fault alarms, and the attentional capture effect plays a critical role. This study designed variables from the two dimensions of cross-screen interaction and fault alerts. In a single trial, variables such as the number of cross-screens, cross-screen orientation, the number of alerts, alert level, and alert location were set in random combinations. Eye-tracking technology and behavioral experiments were conducted to capture operators' visual attention behavior under different interaction conditions. The research reveals that an increase in the number of cross-screen displays adversely affects the attention capture effect, causing operators to frequently shift their perspectives to locate target stimuli and reducing task efficiency. As the number of alerts increases, there is a declining trend in the number and duration of fixations, indicating that excessive alert signals may lead to information overload and hinder operators' in-depth processing of individual alerts. High-level alerts effectively capture attention and facilitate rapid responses. In the future, considering the distribution of users' attention and task efficiency in cross-screen behavior scenarios, by optimizing the layout of monitoring screens and the fault alert system, improving alert design, and reducing the need for perspective transfer, the safety and reliability of alert detection task operations can be enhanced.

Performance assessment of diseased tunnels based on FRP-PCM reinforcement

XU Zhenyu, ZHANG Xuepeng, LI Ningbo, JIANG Yujing, CHEN Hongbin, LIU Linsheng

2025, 35(5): 186-194. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.1523

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In order to enhance the safety and operational maintenance capabilities of tunnels, a quantitative evaluation framework and design methodology for FRP-PCM composite reinforcement in diseased tunnels was established through cross-sectional ultimate bearing capacity analysis. Numerical tests were conducted using the finite difference method to analyze the stability of FRP-PCM-reinforced diseased tunnels. Tunnel safety assessment was performed based on the sectional ultimate bearing capacity curve, commonly referred to as the M-N curve. A safety factor α of the M-N curve was proposed to enable a quantitative evaluation of the reinforcement effect. Based on this framework, a design and selection scheme for FRP was established, incorporating tunnel design specifications. The analysis reveals that when cavities exist at the crown of the tunnel, both the crown and shoulders exhibit higher risk levels according to the M-N curve. Furthermore, under conditions of poorer surrounding rock quality, greater lining concrete deterioration, and increased loosening pressure height, the reinforcing effect of the FRP-PCM method becomes more significant. For cases with an 80% degradation degree, Class V surrounding rock, and a loosened pressure height of 2D, the application of different types of FRP reinforcement reduces the safety factor of the M-N curve by 23%-32%, thereby significantly improving the structural safety of the lining. By leveraging the M-N curve's safety coefficient, an appropriate FRP type can be selected for defective lining reinforcement based on factors such as rock quality, loose pressure height, and lining conditions.

Multimodal fusion-based obstacle detection in low-visibility open-pit mines

YANG Fengzhan, GU Qinghua, LI Shaobo, YANG Jianchun

2025, 35(5): 195-203. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.1654

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To address the perception inaccuracies of autonomous mining trucks in open-pit mines under low-visibility and low-illumination conditions—issues that may lead to obstacle collisions. This paper was proposed a multimodal fusion-based obstacle detection method to enhance detection accuracy and operational safety in complex environments. Firstly, local Feature matching at light speed (LightGlue), was employed to achieve spatial alignment between thermal infrared and visible light images, thereby avoiding spatial misalignment and geometric distortion prior to fusion. Secondly, in the modality feature extraction and fusion stage, a Dual-Modality Feature Fusion (DMFF) module was incorporated into the improved dual-branch backbone network. The extraction capability of dual-modality features was enhanced and fusion was performed through feature compression and cross-modal feature enhancement. An iterative learning method was then introduced to effectively match the complementary information between modalities, generating a fused dual-modality feature map and improving multimodal detection performance. Finally, the fused feature maps at multiple scales were input into the detection head. They were combined with bounding box regression and classification prediction for precise detection. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves excellent obstacle detection performance in challenging scenarios with low visibility. Specifically, it achieves a mean Average Precision (mAP@0.5) of 90.8%, and an F₁-score of 0.887, outperforming existing methods in both accuracy and speed. Moreover, the proposed approach exhibits lower false positive and miss detection rates, effectively ensuring the safe navigation of autonomous mining trucks in complex operational environments.

Dynamic path planning for truck-assault boat collaborative transportation in flood disaster scenario

LIU Changshi, LIU Tao, LIU Guanghong, SUN Peng, LI Junyu, QIAO Rui

2025, 35(5): 204-212. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.1436

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In order to solve the multi-period and multi-batch relief delivery problem under flood disaster scenarios, a routing model was constructed for collaborative relief delivery of trucks and assault boats by comprehensively considering factors such as the dynamic changes of disaster situations, and the collaborative transportation of trucks and assault boats. The objective of the model was to minimize the total distribution time within each period. A HHA, which combines the improved ant colony algorithm(IACA) with a genetic algorithm(GA), was designed for solving this problem. Compared with the ant colony algorithm and the simulated annealing algorithm, the experimental results show that the HHA provides truck-assault boat collaborative distribution routing solutions under the dynamically changing disaster situations in a relatively short time. The HHA effectively reduces the total distribution time and improves the efficiency of relief delivery. The rationality, feasibility, and effectiveness of the HHA were demonstrated. The number of flooded areas and the number of assault boats have a significant impact on the routing of relief delivery. Emergency logistics decision-making departments should weigh the disaster situation and resource allocation of each flooded area, and dispatch a reasonable number of assault boats to ensure the efficiency of relief delivery.

Risk field model of freeway exit ramp weaving area

HU Liwei, LIU Bing, CHEN Chen, ZHANG Ruijie, HOU Zhi, HE Yu

2025, 35(5): 213-220. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.2004

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In order to improve the accuracy of the risk field model in predicting the lane-changing time of the driver in the weaving area of the freeway exit ramp, firstly, the driver behavior questionnaire survey method was used to cluster the driving style and lane-changing style, and the real vehicle driving test was carried out to obtain the vehicle lane-changing trajectory data and analyzed the risk perception level of different driving styles. Then, the derived traffic environment risk was introduced on the basis of the basic risk field model, and the risk field model was constructed from three aspects: road environment, traffic environment and management control, considering the factors such as driving style and traffic control. Finally, the vehicle lane change simulation control strategy and test were designed by combining the uniform acceleration (CA) motion model and the risk field model. The results show that the motor risk perception coefficients of cautious, ordinary and aggressive driving style drivers are 0.71, 1 and 1.17 respectively, and the distance risk perception coefficients are 0.62, 1 and 1.39 respectively. The risk intensity of driving style cautious type > ordinary type > aggressive type, and the critical lane change distance of driving style cautious type > ordinary type > aggressive type. The management control risk field model predicts that the threshold time of lane change decision for cautious, ordinary and aggressive drivers is 96.2 s, 105.2 s and 114.2 s, respectively, and the error is less than 1.5% compared with the simulation lane change time of 97.4 s, 104.8 s and 113.8 s.

Community firefighting research status, hot spots, trends:bibliometric and visual analysis based on CNKI

LU Jifeng, ZHANG Yuxin, DU Xiaotong

2025, 35(5): 221-228. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.0037

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In order to further enhance the fire safety level of communities in China, a total of 366 community fire-related papers indexed in the CNKI database (1996-2024) were analyzed using Citespace software to generate keyword co-occurrence, timeline maps, and institutional knowledge networks. Publication volume, journal distribution, institutions, topics, and hotspots were systematically examined. The results show that core research forces are concentrated in local fire agencies and affiliated universities, with untapped potential for collaboration. The domain exhibited multidimensional trends, including social-physical space analyses, shifts from single-subject to multi-party governance, and alignment with the "big security and big emergency" framework. Four evolutionary stages were ide.pngied: germination (1996-2000), system construction (2001-2011), expansion (2012-2017), and connotation improvement (2018-2024). Current priorities emphasize emergency-firefighting integration, theory-practice synergy, and technology-driven smart fire communities, which are recognized as critical future research directions.

Key node recognition of highway network in high altitude mountainous area based on improved LeaderRank algorithm

HE Yunyong, HE Enhuai, CHEN Zhiyu, GAO Jianping, ZHANG Le, SUN Lu

2025, 35(5): 229-236. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.1144

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To improve the stability and safety of highway networks in plateau mountainous areas, an evaluation index system for critical nodes was established by selecting five indicators: degree centrality, betweenness centrality, closeness centrality, travel time weight, and adjacent node travel time degree. A critical node ide.pngication method integrating topological structure and traffic functionality was proposed. Taking the highway network in western Sichuan Plateau mountainous region as a case study, the differential performance of three improved algorithms was investigated. This algorithms included modified LeaderRank, PageRank, and degree centrality. Their performance was examined in ide.pngying critical nodes within an undirected weighted network framework. Additionally, the variations in network efficiency and connectivity rate under node failure scenarios were systematically examined. The results demonstrate that the three algorithms exhibit distinct prioritization in assessing node criticality. Node failure sequences ranked by the modified LeaderRank algorithm induce the most rapid and significant decline in both network efficiency and connectivity rate.

Simulation and risk assessment of urban flooding under realistic 3D data

WU Lizhou, LI Hua, ZHANG Peng, QIAN Hongyan, KANG Fei, TAN Guangli

2025, 35(5): 237-245. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.0622

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In order to enhance the capacity of urban flood prevention and disaster reduction, taking Zhenba County as an example, this paper explores the coupled disaster formation process and risk assessment methods of flood disasters. By analyzing the rainfall data and flood disaster statistics in recent years, the frequent occurrence and severity of flood disasters in this area as well as the huge losses they have caused to the economy and society were revealed. High-precision terrain data was obtained through unmanned aerial vehicle technology and combined with the SWAT for flood simulation, providing accurate disaster data support. A multi-factor risk assessment matrix was constructed, and the comprehensive flood risk index was obtained through normalization processing. The risk assessment results show that 14 areas with grade IV risks are ide.pngied, and the simulation results of the model are highly consistent with the actual situation. The research results indicate that the constructed coupled disaster formation simulation and risk assessment method can accurately ide.pngy high-risk areas. Effective countermeasures are proposed for high-risk areas, including improving flood control capacity, strengthening monitoring and early warning, conducting disaster prevention and education, and strengthening land planning and management.

Evolution of synergistic network among urban emergency organizations responding to natural disasters

LI Hua, BAI Le, SHEN Yuheng

2025, 35(5): 246-254. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.0981

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To analyze the synergistic relationship among urban emergency organizations during institutional reforms, 24 natural disaster-specific emergency plans from Xi'an city were used as the data sample. Social network analysis was employed to examine the coordination and collaboration between departments involved in emergency response, mitigation, and rescue during natural disasters. From a temporal perspective, the dynamic changes in the network structure were explored, and the characteristics of indicators such as density, centralization, and average distance were assessed. Using a "coherence and constraint" two-dimensional framework, institutional roles were classified and analyzed from three dimensions: institutional characteristics, functional positioning, and organizational structure. The CONCOR(Convergence of Iterated Correlation) algorithm and E-I index method were applied to depict the internal logic of network governance structures and the evolution of organizational relationships. The results show that the concentration of the emergency organization collaborative network increased from 0.577 6 to 0.723 5 after the institutional reform, indicating that the network structure shifts from a decentralized network with loose collaboration among multiple entities to a tightly-knit network centered around the Xi'an Bureau of Emergency Management. The highest core degree of institutions increases from 0.342 to 0.369, while the lowest constraint degree decreases from 0.166 to 0.087, reflecting a trend toward the unification of command responsibilities. The network organization follows a core-periphery governance structure, with the boundaries between core and peripheral organizations becoming increasingly clear and reinforced.

Emergency response capacity assessment for urban flooding disasters based on improved DS theory and FBN

LIU Donghua, ZHANG Ruiyang, GUO Li

2025, 35(5): 255-262. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.1448

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In order to improve the emergency response capacity of urban flooding disasters, an emergency response capacity assessment model based on the combination of improved DS evidence theory and FBN was proposed. Firstly, from the whole process of disaster emergency management, the urban flood disaster emergency response capacity assessment index system was established and mapped into a Bayesian network (BN) model. Then, to address the problems of information uncertainty and strong subjectivity in the assessment process, the improved DS theory was introduced to determine the index weights. The expert knowledge combined with the fuzzy set was used to qua.pngy the prior probability of the root node. The accident tree was applied to analyze the key indexes, and the Sorting center of mass method was used to assign basic event probabilities. The probability of flooding disaster risk was calculated through the BN model. Emergency response capacity assessment and reasoning analysis were carried out on the basis of the above results. Finally, take the main urban area of Zhengzhou city as an example, GeNIe4.0 software was used to generate the BN model of emergency response capacity assessment of flooding disaster, and the emergency response capacity level and sensitive indexes of flooding disaster in the city were obtained. The results show that the emergency response capacity of the main urban area of the city is good. The sensitive indicators affecting the emergency response capacity are timeliness of the emergency response, normality of the warning information release, professionalism of the emergency response and accuracy of flooding information feedback.

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