EMC电解液蒸气对锂电池热失控产物爆炸特性的影响研究

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.09.0044

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为明确高温电解液蒸气与锂电池热失控气体混合爆炸特性,采用20 L球形爆炸测试装置系统测试不同荷电状态(SOC)锂离子电池热失控气体与碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)蒸气混合体系,并结合计算流体力学(CFD)仿真与化学动力学理论,深度剖析混合体系的爆炸演化特性。结果表明:高温具有物理稀释与化学动力学增强的双重效应。在热力学层面,高燃烧热的EMC蒸气与100% SOC气体混合产生显著的能量叠加,使最大爆炸压力P_max达到最高;在动力学层面,EMC高温裂解生成的含氧自由基加速了核心链支化反应,导致低SOC气体的最大压力上升速率跃升超240%。此外,微观反应的加速进一步促进宏观流体失稳,体现出潜在的物理-化学耦合特征。

关键词: 碳酸甲乙酯(EMC), 电解液蒸气, 锂电池, 热失控, 爆炸特性, 高温

Abstract:

To clarify the mixed explosion characteristics of high-temperature electrolyte vapor and thermal runaway gases from lithium-ion batteries, and to reveal the effect of such vapor on the explosion hazard of battery thermal runaway products, we conducted systematic tests in a 20 L spherical apparatus on gas mixtures of different state of charge (SOC) batteries and EMC vapor, combined with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation and chemical kinetics analysis to deeply examine the explosion evolution behavior. The findings reveal that high temperature exerts both a physical dilution effect and a chemical kinetic enhancement effect. Thermodynamically, the high-calorific EMC vapor combined with 100% SOC gas results in significant energy superposition, leading to the highest maximum explosion pressure. Kinetically, oxygen-containing radicals generated by the thermal decomposition of EMC at high temperatures accelerate the core chain-branching reactions, causing the maximum rate of pressure rise for low-SOC gases to increase by over 240%. Moreover, the acceleration of microscopic reactions further induces macroscopic flow instability, forming a physico-chemical coupling mechanism.

Key words: ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), electrolyte vapor, lithium-ion battery, thermal runaway, explosion characteristics, high temperature

中图分类号:

X932爆炸安全与防火、防爆

张英, 彭子聪, 李琪, 张楚然, 韩靖皓, 陈月. EMC电解液蒸气对锂电池热失控产物爆炸特性的影响研究[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2026, 36(9): 26-34.

Zhang Ying, Peng Zicong, Li Qi, Zhang Churan, Han Jinghao, Chen Yue. Effect of EMC vapor on explosion characteristics of thermal runaway products of lithium-ion batteries[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2026, 36(9): 26-34.

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气体组分	50% SOC	75% SOC	100% SOC	115% SOC
H₂	20.8	21.8	29.4	34.0
CO	4.8	6.4	9.1	6.4
CH₄	1.6	1.9	5.4	2.6
C₂H₄	6.6	6.3	7.2	4.7
CO₂	66.2	62.6	48.3	52.2

系列	t/℃	SOC/ %	r (n_E/ n_g)	控制方式	初始压力 P/kPa	总气体物质的量n/mol
A	20	50, 75, 100, 115	0 (纯气体)	定压	101.3	0.84
	110	50, 75, 100, 115	0 (纯气体)	定压	101.3	0.64
	110	50, 75, 100, 115	0 (纯气体)	定量	132.6	0.84
B	110	50, 100	1∶5, 1∶4, 1∶3	定压	101.3	0.64
C	110	—	∞ (纯EMC)	定压	101.3	0.64