干冰对锂离子电池单体热失控抑制效能的影响研究

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.02.0422

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为开发锂离子电池专用的新型有效的灭火剂,搭建试验平台,开展干冰对20 Ah磷酸铁锂离子电池(简称锂离子电池)热失控抑制效能研究。结果表明:1.5 kg干冰能阻断锂离子电池热失控早期的进程;干冰对锂离子电池热失控的抑制效能与喷射量呈正相关,干冰喷射量提升至2.6 kg时可抑制锂离子电池急剧热失控阶段的进程。干冰的相变吸热速率与环境温度梯度呈正相关,但干冰冷却率和有效利用率并非随着喷射量和环境温度的提升而增加,试验中,随着在电池泄压前将干冰喷射量从 0.65 kg 增至 2.6 kg 时,干冰冷却率与有效利用率呈现先升高后减小的趋势,而随着热失控的剧烈程度和环境温度的升高,二者分别从 67.5%、7.8% 降至 15.4%和4.1%。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 热失控, 干冰, 降温, 抑制效能

Abstract:

To develop a novel and effective fire-extinguishing agent dedicated to lithium-ion batteries, this study established an experimental platform. Experiments were conducted on 20 Ah lithium-ion phosphate batteries to investigate the inhibitory efficacy of dry ice on the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries. Experimental results indicate that dry ice can successfully inhibit the thermal runaway process of lithium-ion batteries: specifically, spraying 1.5 kg of dry ice in the experiment effectively blocked the early-stage thermal runaway of the battery. Furthermore, the inhibitory efficacy of dry ice on battery thermal runaway shows a positive correlation with its spray amount—increasing the dry ice spray amount to 2.6 kg enabled successful suppression of the battery's severe thermal runaway stage. In addition, the phase change heat absorption rate of dry ice is positively correlated with the ambient temperature gradient; however, the cooling rate and effective utilization rate of dry ice do not increase with the rise in spray amount or ambient temperature. In the experiment, when the dry ice spray amount was increased from 0.65 kg to 2.6 kg before battery pressure relief, both the cooling rate and effective utilization rate of dry ice exhibited a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Moreover, as the severity of thermal runaway and ambient temperature increased, the two decreased from 67.5% and 7.8% to 15.4% and 4.1%, respectively. This study may provide a reference for the development of lithium-ion batteries fire-extinguishing agents.

Key words: lithium-ion battery, thermal runaway, dry ice, temperature cooling, suppression effect

中图分类号:

X913.3安全控制论

刘永成, 张国维, 赵刚强, 刘淳元, 于龙飞, 陈泽威. 干冰对锂离子电池单体热失控抑制效能的影响研究[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2026, 36(2): 227-234.

LIU Yongcheng, ZHANG Guowei, ZHAO Gangqiang, LIU Chunyuan, YU Longfei, CHEN Zewei. Study on suppression effect of dry ice on thermal runaway of lithium-ion battery cells[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2026, 36(2): 227-234.

图/表 10

图1

图2

表1

图3

图4

图5

图6

表2

表3

热量参数

工况	Q/kJ	Q_s/kJ	Q_t/kJ	η/%	$ε$ /%
1	46.2	31.2	401.1	67.5	7.8
2	58.8	42.4	456.1	72.1	9.3
3	174.9	26.9	653.22	15.4	4.1
4	50.3	21.0	280.77	41.7	7.5
5	46.2	31.2	401.1	67.5	7.8
6	51.6	30.4	555.8	58.9	5.5
7	174.9	26.9	653.22	15.4	4.1
8	85.4	43.4	716.25	50.8	6.1

表3

图7

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工况	干冰喷射质量m/kg	电池表面最高温度t_max/℃	电池表面最低温度t_min/℃	最大温降 Δt_r/℃	最大温降所需时间τ_r/s	最大温升 Δt_u/℃	最大温升所需时间τ_u/s
4	0.65	104.6	38.1	66.5	29	29.1	53
5	1.5	97.3	31.5	65.8	37	10.1	303
6	2.6	107	-4.9	111.9	57	47.9	613
7	1.5	326.8	181.6	145.2	25	97.2	72
8	2.6	167.3	-23.4	190.7	58	66.6	100