高温和低温短期冲击下的锂离子电池热失控特性分析

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.1774

中国安全科学学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (12): 159-167.doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.1774

高温和低温短期冲击下的锂离子电池热失控特性分析

王少嘉¹(), 王志¹^,²^,^**(), 赵庆杰¹, 史波波¹^,²

¹ 中国矿业大学安全工程学院,江苏徐州 221116
² 中国矿业大学江苏省城市地下空间火灾防护高校重点实验室,江苏徐州 221116

收稿日期:2024-09-15 修回日期:2024-11-07 出版日期:2024-12-28
通信作者:
**王志(1990—),男,河南南阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事火灾动力学、锂离子电池火灾安全等方面的研究。E-mail: zhiwang@cumt.edu.cn。
作者简介:
王少嘉 (2000—),男,四川绵阳人,硕士研究生,研究方向为锂离子电池热失控机制及防灭火。E-mail: TS23120169P31@cumt.edu.cn。
史波波, 教授。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金资助(52204253); 火灾科学国家重点实验室开放课题(HZ2024-KF03); 民机火灾科学与安全工程四川省重点实验室开放基金资助(MZ2023KF06); 中国博士后科学基金面上项目资助(2023M733766)

Analysis of thermal runaway characteristics of lithium-ion batteries under high and low temperature short-term shocks

WANG Shaojia¹(), WANG Zhi¹^,²^,^**(), ZHAO Qingjie¹, SHI Bobo¹^,²

¹ School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116, China
² Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fire Safety in Urban Underground Space, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116, China

Received:2024-09-15 Revised:2024-11-07 Published:2024-12-28

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为提高锂离子电池的运输、使用和存储,探究锂离子电池在运输和使用过程中经历高温或低温短期冲击后的热失控特性,分别在-40~60 ℃的温度范围内对满电状态锂离子电池冲击24、48和96 h后,开展电池外部加热热失控试验,分析热失控特性参数,进而探寻经历短期高温或低温冲击后锂离子电池的热失控特性变化特征。结果表明:电池热失控的整体剧烈程度和电池喷射火焰的剧烈程度受冲击因素影响有所减弱。随着冲击温度升高,热失控起始时间和电池安全阀破裂时间的差值Δt₁整体出现小幅波动,锂离子电池热失控的峰值温度时间和热失控起始时间的差值Δt₂和热失控起始温度整体增大,热失控峰值温度和火焰热通量相对减小。当冲击温度降低时,Δt₁逐渐减小,Δt₂在温度的下降过程中先增大后减小,热失控起始温度和热失控峰值温度显著下降,尤其在-40 ℃时,起始温度和峰值温度下降幅值分别为15.2和175.4 ℃,火焰热通量亦有所降低。而随着冲击时间的延长,Δt₁、热失控起始温度、峰值温度和火焰热通量都有所降低。

关键词: 高温冲击, 低温冲击, 锂离子电池, 热失控, 热危险性

Abstract:

In order to investigate the thermal runaway characteristics of lithium-ion batteries following short-term exposure to high or low temperatures shocks during transport and usage, thermal runaway tests were conducted on fully charged lithium-ion batteries. These batteries were subjected to temperature shocks at -40 to 60 ℃ for 24, 48, and 96 hours before external heating was applied. Analyses were performed on thermal runaway characteristic parameters to explore change rules in thermal runaway characteristics after short-term high- or low-temperature shocks. The results indicate that the overall severity of thermal runaway and the intensity of ejected flames were attenuated by the shock factor. With rising shock temperature, the time difference (Δt₁) between the onset of thermal runaway and the rupture of the battery safety valve shows slight fluctuations overall, while both the time difference (Δt₂) between peak temperature and the onset of thermal runaway and the initial thermal runaway temperature tends to increase. In contrast, peak thermal runaway temperature and flame heat flux decrease relatively. When the impact temperature decreases, Δt₁ gradually shortens, while Δt₂ initially increases and then decreases with lower temperatures. Both the onset and peak temperatures of thermal runaway drop significantly, with reductions of 15.2 and 175.4 ℃, respectively, observed at -40 ℃, along with a reduction in flame heat flux. Additionally, with extended shock durations, Δt₁, initial and peak temperatures of thermal runaway, and flame heat flux all decrease.

Key words: high temperature shock, low temperature shock, lithium-ion batteries, thermal runaway, thermal hazards

中图分类号:

X932爆炸安全与防火、防爆

王少嘉, 王志, 赵庆杰, 史波波. 高温和低温短期冲击下的锂离子电池热失控特性分析[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2024, 34(12): 159-167.

WANG Shaojia, WANG Zhi, ZHAO Qingjie, SHI Bobo. Analysis of thermal runaway characteristics of lithium-ion batteries under high and low temperature short-term shocks[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024, 34(12): 159-167.

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额定容量/ mAh	2 600	放电电压/ V	2.75
最小容量/ mAh	2 500	高度/ mm	650
标称电压/ V	3.60	直径/ mm	18
充电电压/ V	4.20	质量/ g	45

高温和低温短期冲击下的锂离子电池热失控特性分析

Analysis of thermal runaway characteristics of lithium-ion batteries under high and low temperature short-term shocks

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参考文献 26

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工况序号	冲击温度/℃	冲击时间/h
1	-40	24
2		48
3		96
4	-20	24
5		48
6		96
7	0	24
8		48
9		96
10	20	24
11		48
12		96
13	40	24
14		48
15		96
16	60	24
17		48
18		96

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工况序号	冲击温度/℃	冲击时间/h
1	-40	24
2		48
3		96
4	-20	24
5		48
6		96
7	0	24
8		48
9		96
10	20	24
11		48
12		96
13	40	24
14		48
15		96
16	60	24
17		48
18		96

工况序号	冲击温度/℃	冲击时间/h
1	-40	24
2		48
3		96
4	-20	24
5		48
6		96
7	0	24
8		48
9		96
10	20	24
11		48
12		96
13	40	24
14		48
15		96
16	60	24
17		48
18		96