光纤传感器在锂离子电池安全监测中的应用与挑战*

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.03.0239

中国安全科学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (3): 113-120.doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.03.0239

光纤传感器在锂离子电池安全监测中的应用与挑战^*

付举¹^,²^,³(), 史家吉¹^,²^,³, 马星阳¹^,²^,³, 谢雯娜¹^,²^,³, 谢松¹^,²^,³^,^**()

¹ 中国民用航空飞行学院民航安全与工程学院, 四川广汉 618307
² 民机火灾科学与安全工程四川省重点实验室, 四川广汉 618307
³ 四川省全电通航飞行器关键技术工程研究中心, 四川广汉 618307

收稿日期:2025-10-23 修回日期:2025-12-29 出版日期:2026-03-31
通信作者:
^** 谢松(1986—),男,四川自贡人,博士,教授,主要从事锂离子电池的热安全监测及预警研究。E-mail:xiesongam@163.com。
作者简介:
付举 (1990—),女,四川成都人,博士,副教授,主要从事锂离子电池关键材料研发、电池监测及预警等方面的研究。E-mail:fj2020@cafuc.edu.cn。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFC3014400); 国家自然科学基金资助(22379162); 民航安全能力建设项目(MHAQ2024035); 四川省科技计划项目(2025YFHZ0037)

Applications and challenges of fiber optic sensors in lithium-ion battery safety monitoring

FU Ju¹^,²^,³(), SHI Jiaji¹^,²^,³, MA Xingyang¹^,²^,³, XIE Wenna¹^,²^,³, XIE Song¹^,²^,³^,^**()

¹ College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan Sichuan 618307, China
² Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , Guanghan Sichuan 618307, China
³ Sichuan Key Technology Engineering Research Center for All-electric Navigable Aircraft, Guanghan Sichuan 618307, China

Received:2025-10-23 Revised:2025-12-29 Published:2026-03-31

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为解决现有电池管理系统难以获取锂离子电池内部温度梯度、结构应变及产气等关键信号,导致安全监测与热失控早期预警能力不足的问题,系统综述光纤传感器在锂离子电池安全监测中的应用与挑战。首先,梳理电池安全监测的关键参数与需求,明确温度、应变、气体及电解液状态等可表征失效演化的监测对象;其次,归纳对比光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)、倾斜光纤光栅(TFBG)、光纤倏逝波(FOEW)及分布式光纤传感(DOFS)等典型技术的原理与性能特征;然后,按应用场景总结上述技术在温度/应变原位监测、界面折射率与老化评估、特征产气检测及热失控风险识别中的研究进展;最后,提炼目前在集成兼容性、多参数交叉敏感与信号解耦、长期稳定性与标定及成本等方面的共性障碍,并提出相应发展方向。研究结果表明:光纤传感技术可监测锂离子电池温度的多点位、毫秒级、±0.1 ℃精度、±0.1 με级的应变面、0.12%精度实时原位在线的产气、10^-3级的原位电解液折射率。通过多参数、原位、实时监测的数据导入和处理,可提升对锂电池热失控早期预警能力。

关键词: 光纤传感器, 锂离子电池, 安全监测, 热失控, 原位监测

Abstract:

To address the inability of existing battery management systems in acquiring internal temperature gradients, structural strain, and gas generation signals in lithium-ion cells, which result in inadequate safety monitoring and early-warning capability against thermal runaway, a systematic review of fiber optic sensors for lithium-ion battery safety monitoring and the challenges they face was provided. First, key safety-related monitoring parameters, including temperature, strain, gas evolution, and electrolyte state, were identified. Second, the principles and characteristics of representative sensing technologies, such as Fiber Bragg Gratings(FBG), Tilted Fiber Bragg Gratings(TFBG), Fiber Optic Evanescent Wave Sensing(FOEW), and Distributed Optic Fiber Sensing(DOFS), were reviewed. Third, the research progress in in-situ temperature and strain monitoring, electrolyte state evaluation, gas detection, and thermal runaway risk identification for each technology was summarized. Finally, major challenges in practical application, including integration compatibility, multi-parameter cross-sensitivity, long-term stability, and cost, were discussed. The survey reveals that fiber-optic sensing enables multi-point, millisecond-scale temperature monitoring with ±0.1 ℃ accuracy, strain mapping at ±0.1 με resolution, in-situ gas detection at 0.12% precision, and electrolyte refractive-index tracking down to 10^-3. Feeding these multi-parameter, in-situ, real-time data into advanced algorithms can significantly enhance early-warning capability for lithium-ion battery thermal runaway.

Key words: fiber optic sensors, lithium-ion batteries, safety monitoring, thermal runaway, in-situ monitoring

中图分类号:

X946

付举, 史家吉, 马星阳, 谢雯娜, 谢松. 光纤传感器在锂离子电池安全监测中的应用与挑战^*[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2026, 36(3): 113-120.

FU Ju, SHI Jiaji, MA Xingyang, XIE Wenna, XIE Song. Applications and challenges of fiber optic sensors in lithium-ion battery safety monitoring[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2026, 36(3): 113-120.

图/表 3

表1

表2

表3

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技术类型	灵敏度	空间分辨率	多参数能力	成本	应用场景
FBG	高	点式/准分布式	有限	中	温度/应变监测
TFBG	很高	点式	强	较高	化学/折射率监测
FOEW	高	点式	中	中	气体/液体监测
DOFS	中	0.01 ~1 m	弱	高	温度场分布监测

监测技术	优点	缺点
应变计^[18]	成本低;有效性高;适应性强	容易受到热和电磁干扰
贴片式FBG^[19-20]	高灵敏度和高精度;轻量化和柔性设计	交叉敏感;难以了解内部电化学变化
数字图像法^[21]	非接触式测量;精度高;不受尺寸限制	响应低;装置复杂;不适合实时监控
嵌入式FBG^[22-23]	不受强电磁和腐蚀环境干扰;检测更灵敏准确	操作复杂;价格昂贵;交叉敏感

监测技术	优点	缺点
半导体传感器^[29-30]	成本低;集成化;多路复用能力	存在火花危险问题;灵敏度相对较低
气相色谱仪^[31]	高精度;可多气体同时检测	难应用现场中;成本高;样品需预处理
光纤气体传感器^[32]	实时远程监控;多路复用	响应时间较长;成本较高;需要校准
声波气体传感器^[33]	可以在室温下工作;设备小型化	分布式应用困难;对气体的选择性差

光纤传感器在锂离子电池安全监测中的应用与挑战^*

Applications and challenges of fiber optic sensors in lithium-ion battery safety monitoring

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