中国安全科学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (9): 111-119.doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.09.0508

• 安全技术与工程 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同约束下磷酸铁锂电池过充热失控特性研究

杨帆1,2(), 白盼星3, 平小凡3, 张存富1, 曹曦3, 杨宇轩4,**()   

  1. 1 内蒙古上都发电有限责任公司, 内蒙古 锡林郭勒盟 027200
    2 西北工业大学 凝固技术国家重点实验室、先进润滑与密封材料中心, 陕西 西安 710072
    3 中国华能集团清洁能源技术研究院有限公司, 北京 102209
    4 中国矿业大学(北京) 应急管理与安全工程学院, 北京 100083
  • 收稿日期:2026-04-21 修回日期:2026-07-19 出版日期:2026-10-20
  • 通信作者:
    ** 杨宇轩(1996—),男,河北深州人,博士,讲师,主要从事城市公共安全与火灾安全方面的研究。E-mail:。
  • 作者简介:

    杨 帆 (1988—),男,河北安新人,本科,工程师,主要从事储能热失控安全等方面的工作。E-mail: 。

    白盼星 工程师;

    平小凡 工程师;

    张存富 高级工程师;

    曹 曦 高级工程师

  • 基金资助:
    内蒙古自治区科技突围项目(2024KJTW0016); 华能集团科技项目(HNKJ24-H60); 北京市自然科学基金资助(8264043)

Study on overcharge thermal runaway characteristics of LiFePO4 batteries under different constraint effects

Yang Fan1,2(), Bai Panxing3, Ping Xiaofan3, Zhang Cunfu1, Cao Xi3, Yang Yuxuan4,**()   

  1. 1 Inner Mongolia Shangdu Power Co., Ltd., Xilingol League Inner Mongolia 027200, China
    2 State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center of Advanced Lubrication and Seal Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710072, China
    3 China Huaneng Clean Energy Research Institute, Beijing 102209, China
    4 School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • Received:2026-04-21 Revised:2026-07-19 Published:2026-10-20

摘要:

为降低锂离子电池过充引发的热失控燃爆风险,完善夹具约束、空间受限与点火条件的耦合调控机制,以314 Ah方形磷酸铁锂电池为研究对象,通过调节“夹具约束—空间受限—点火条件”三因素开展试验,系统探究0.5 C过充工况下电池热失控的现象演化、温度响应及电压变化特征。结果表明:无约束工况下,电池膨胀不受限导致安全阀失效,直接引发爆炸,爆炸前开放/受限空间的表面峰值温度分别为50.78 、54.06 ℃,爆炸冲击力可突破初始物理边界;约束工况下,安全阀正常开启,热失控以烟气喷射或喷射火形式释放能量,开放空间约束点火工况的电池背面峰值温度达458.93 ℃,显著高于受限空间约束点火工况的291.13 ℃;受限空间内未点火时烟气因密度较大在下部积聚,点火后形成高度1.5 m的剧烈喷射火,火焰峰值温度达701.87 ℃;电压演化呈现“上升—平台—陡升—回落”特征,无约束工况因结构破坏缺失完整回落过程。

关键词: 磷酸铁锂电池, 电池过充, 热失控, 燃爆风险, 夹具约束, 受限空间

Abstract:

To mitigate thermal runaway fire and explosion accidents induced by overcharge of lithium-ion batteries and to improve the understanding of the coupling regulation mechanism of fixture constraint, confined space and ignition conditions, this study systematically investigated the evolution of thermal runaway, temperature response, and voltage variation of a 314 Ah prismatic LiFePO4 battery under 0.5C overcharge by adjusting these three factors. The results show that under unconstrained conditions, unconstrained battery swelling leads to safety valve failure and directly triggers an explosion; before the explosion, the peak surface temperatures are 50.78 ℃ in open space and 54.06 ℃ in confined space. Under constrained conditions, the safety valve opens normally and energy is released in the form of smoke or jet fire; the peak back temperature reaches 458.93 ℃ in open space with ignition, which is significantly higher than 291.13 ℃ in confined space with ignition. In confined space, unignited smoke, being denser, accumulated at the bottom, and a violent jet fire reaching a height of 1.5 m with a peak flame temperature of 701.87 ℃ is formed upon ignition. The voltage evolution is presented as a “rise-plateau-steep rise-drop” pattern, whereas the complete drop process is absentunder unconstrained conditions due to structural damage.

Key words: lithium iron phosphate battery, battery overcharge, thermal runaway, combustion and explosion risk, fixture constraint, spatial confinement

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