Tab.1

Classification of geotemperature zone and thermal hazard of proposed tunnel

Fig.1

Drawing of tunnel's section dimension

Tab.2

Thermal parameter value of materials

Fig.2

Schematic diagram of ice block layout

Fig.3

Placement height of ice blocks

Fig.4

Relationship between tunnel face temperature and ventilation time under different ice dosage

Fig.5

Longitudinal temperature distribution curve of tunnel with different amount of ice on each side

Fig.6

Histogram of average temperature in each region with ice consumption

Fig.7

Cloud diagram of volume fraction of thin-walled ice at different ventilation time

Fig.8

Velocity nephogram in z direction of longitudinal section of ice blocks on both sides of tunnel

Fig.9

Cloud diagram of bulk ice volume fraction at different ventilation time

Fig.10

Variation curve of ice volume with ventilation time in different specific surface areas

Fig.11

Cloud diagram of temperature distribution of ice section at different ventilation time

Fig.12

Cloud diagram of volume fraction of ice in the middle of tunnel at different ventilation time

Fig.13

Velocity nephogram of longitudinal section of ice on both sides of tunnel

Fig.14

Variation of ice volume with time when ice is placed at different heights

Fig.15

Cloud diagram of temperature distribution in section where the ice is at the bottom of tunnel

Fig.16

Cloud diagram of temperature distribution in section where ice is in middle of tunnel

Fig.17

Variance of temperature of tunnel y=5 m at different heights along with distance from tunnel face