环境风下多层航站楼排烟效果及人员疏散研究

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.1866

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究环境风下机场航站楼排烟模式对人员安全疏散的影响,以某航站楼为研究对象,选择多楼层区域作为数据获取范围,针对排烟窗控制模式的33种工况,采用火灾动力学(FDS)软件模拟排烟效果;以北风经东北风转为东风构造风向区间,获得风向与危险到达时间的曲线关系;以0~90°为高侧窗开启角度区间,获得适宜开窗范围,并根据环境风进行安全疏散的判定与优化。结果表明:对于楼内排烟效果而言,若高侧窗全开,无风和低风速下有利于排烟,环境风速较高时,垂直于楼层走势的风向排烟效果较好;在风向区间内,0~70°风向会对高侧窗排烟起促进作用,30和60°风向点最优,顺楼层走势的风向会有烟气倒灌;在高侧窗开启角度内,实际以5~30°下悬窗或全开窗为宜;结合风向下的危险到达时间,进行楼层人员疏散优化,调控后疏散时间比未优化时减少10%。

关键词: 航站楼, 环境风, 排烟效果, 人员疏散, 高侧窗, 危险到达时间

Abstract:

In order to investigate the effect of smoke evacuation patterns under ambient winds on the safe evacuation of people, taking a terminal building as the subject of the study, the multi-floor area was selected as the data acquisition range, 33 control conditions were divided by controlling the smoke exhaust window, and fire dynamics simulator (FDS) software was used to obtain the smoke exhaust effect in the building under different conditions. Further construct wind direction intervals with north winds shifting to east winds via northeast winds to obtain the curve law of wind direction and time to reach hazards, and 0-90° as the high side window opening angle interval to obtain the suitable window opening range, according to the environmental wind to determine and optimize the safe evacuation. The results show that for the smoke exhaust effect in the building, if the high side windows are fully opened, it is conducive to smoke exhaust under no wind and low wind speed. If the wind speed is high, the wind direction perpendicular to the floor alignment is more effective for smoke evacuation. In the wind direction range, the wind direction of 0-70° will promote the smoke exhaust of the high side window, and the wind direction of 30 and 60° is the best, and the wind direction along the floor trend will have smoke backflow. Within the high side window opening angle, a 5-30° down-hung window or full opening window is appropriate. Combined with the time to reach hazards of the wind direction, the evacuation of floor personnel is optimized, and the evacuation time after adjustment is reduced by 10% compared with the unoptimized time.

Key words: terminal building, ambient wind, smoke exhaust efficiency, evacuation, high side windows, time to reach hazards

中图分类号:

X932爆炸安全与防火、防爆

宋洋, 马文举. 环境风下多层航站楼排烟效果及人员疏散研究[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2024, 34(1): 206-214.

SONG Yang, MA Wenju. Research on smoke exhaust efficiency and evacuation of multi-storey terminal buildings under action of environmental wind[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024, 34(1): 206-214.

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工况	环境风向	环境风速/ (m·s^-1)	开窗模式
工况	环境风向	环境风速/ (m·s^-1)	W₁	W₂	W₃
A₁—A₃	无风	0	221	205	225
B₁—B₁₅	北风	0.8	249	243	242
		1.5	285	250	259
		2.5	279	253	248
		5.0	251	256	201
		10.0	287	263	269
C₁—C₁₅	东北风	0.8	248	163	193
		1.5	235	135	215
		2.5	279	167	229
		5.0	-	222	248
		10.0	-	385	-

工况	环境风向	环境风速/ (m·s^-1)	开窗模式
工况	环境风向	环境风速/ (m·s^-1)	W₁	W₂	W₃
A₁—A₃	无风	0	351	193	316
B₁—B₁₅	北风	0.8	221	198	230
		1.5	232	208	246
		2.5	246	221	262
		5.0	275	260	290
		10.0	340	323	284
C₁—C₁₅	东北风	上述5种风速	未至危险到达时间 (≥400)

工况	环境风向	环境风速/ (m·s^-1)	开窗模式
工况	环境风向	环境风速/ (m·s^-1)	W₁	W₂	W₃
A₁—A₃	无风	0	2.183	0.210	2.190
B₁—B₁₅	北风	0.8	1.781	0.212	1.782
		1.5	1.826	0.213	1.863
		2.5	1.889	0.210	1.932
		5.0	1.998	0.212	2.024
		10.0	2.124	0.196	2.163
C₁—C₁₅	东北风	0.8	1.707	0.208	1.734
		1.5	1.765	0.205	1.750
		2.5	1.766	0.199	1.751
		5.0	1.757	0.193	1.754
		10.0	1.748	0.204	1.733

监测位置	通过人数	通过出口时间/s	出口最大人员流量/(人·s^-1)	通向区域
E楼梯间	100	190.33	1.88	一层大厅
F楼梯间	126	161.43	1.46	一层大厅
I楼梯间	53	114.60	0.88	第二楼层
J楼梯间	133	166.42	1.37	第二楼层

监测位置	通过人数	通过出口时间/s	出口最大人员流量/(人·s^-1)
E楼梯间	63	107.44	1.74
F楼梯间	168	185.04	1.46
I楼梯间	96	138.28	1.26
J楼梯间	91	116.39	1.35