道路运输过程中动力锂电池热失控及预警研究

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.07.1216

中国安全科学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (7): 127-134.doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.07.1216

道路运输过程中动力锂电池热失控及预警研究

张平¹(), 汪凯璇¹, 吴金中¹^,^**(), 朱艳丽²

¹ 重庆交通大学交通运输学院, 重庆 400074
² 北京理工大学爆炸科学与安全防护全国重点实验室, 北京 100081

收稿日期:2026-02-05 修回日期:2026-05-12 出版日期:2026-07-28
通信作者:
^**吴金中(1973—),男,四川广元人,硕士,教授,主要从事危险货物道路运输安全研究。E-mail:wujz@cqjtu.edu.cn。
作者简介:
张平 (1995—),女,重庆人,博士,讲师,主要从事危险货物运输安全、应急防控等方面的研究。E-mail:zpinger@cqjtu.edu.cn。
朱艳丽, 教授
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3009500); 重庆市自然科学基金面上项目资助(CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX0550); 重庆市博士后研究项目(2024CQBSHTB2017)

Research on thermal runaway and early warning of lithium-ion batteries during road transportation

Zhang Ping¹(), Wang Kaixuan¹, Wu Jinzhong¹^,^**(), Zhu Yanli²

¹ College of Traffic & Transportation, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
² State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Received:2026-02-05 Revised:2026-05-12 Published:2026-07-28

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为提升动力锂电池道路运输安全水平,利用非接触式传感技术研究运输过程中动力锂电池热失控机制及预警方法。首先,搭建运输箱试验环境与热失控监测系统,选取50%荷电状态(SOC)的镍钴铝酸锂(NCA)、镍钴锰酸锂(NCM)及磷酸铁锂(LFP)电池包为试验对象;其次,开展热失控触发试验,对比3种类型的动力锂电池在运输箱内的热失控及燃烧特性;然后,通过集成电化学气体(H₂、CO)传感器与红外温度传感器监测运输过程中的动力锂电池安全状态;最后,评估多种非接触式传感器的预警效果。结果表明:NCA热扩散速度最快,其次为NCM和LFP;NCA、NCM、LFP分别呈现温度先于气体、温度略先于气体、气体先于温度的预警特征;以100 ℃或0.001%为预警阈值,NCA、NCM及LFP电池包可分别提前4、125以及2 115 s预警。

关键词: 道路运输, 动力锂电池, 热失控, 监测及预警, 特征气体, 红外温度

Abstract:

To enhance the safety of lithium-ion batteries duning road transportation, non-contact sensing technologies were used to investigate thermal runaway behavior and early warning methods during transport. A transport container experimental environment and a thermal runaway monitoring system were established. The thermal runaway trigger tests were conducted using lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM), and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery packs at 50% state of charge (SOC). The thermal runaway and combustion characteristics of the three types of batteries were compared within the transport container. The safety status of lithium-ion batteries during transport was effectively monitored by integrating electrochemical gas sensors (H₂ and CO) with infrared temperature sensors, and the early warning effectiveness of various non-contact sensors was evaluated. The results indicate that NCA exhibits the fastest thermal propagation, followed by NCM and LFP. Furthermore, NCA, NCM, and LFP display distinct warning patterns, in which temperature signals preceded gas signals, temperature signals slightly preceded gas signals, and gas signals preceded temperature signals, respectively. For battery packs of NCA, NCM and LFP, with 100 ℃ or 0.001% as the warning threshold, warnings can be issued 4, 125 and 2 115 seconds before thermal runaway, respectively.

Key words: road transportation, lithium-ion batteries, thermal runaway, monitoring and warning, characteristic gases, infrared temperature sensing

中图分类号:

X951交通运输安全

张平, 汪凯璇, 吴金中, 朱艳丽. 道路运输过程中动力锂电池热失控及预警研究[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2026, 36(7): 127-134.

Zhang Ping, Wang Kaixuan, Wu Jinzhong, Zhu Yanli. Research on thermal runaway and early warning of lithium-ion batteries during road transportation[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2026, 36(7): 127-134.

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参数	NCA	LFP	NCM
标称容量/Ah	3.5	135	55
标称电压/V	3.6	3.2	3.65
充电倍率/C	0.5	1	1
质量/g	50	2 600±30	890±10
电池包组合方式	53个单体串联为 1个模组; 6个模组并联	18个模组串联	5个单体并联为1个模组、8个模组串联

参数	NCA	NCM	LFP
加热电池破阀时间t_a/s	423	699	3 398
加热电池热失控时间t_b/s	637	710	3 978
相邻电池热失控时间t_c/s	638	839	4 178
扩散到相邻电池的间隔时间Δt/s	1	129	200
加热电池热失控温度θ_a/℃	203.2	182.3	152.2
相邻电池热失控温度θ_b/℃	124.1	123.7	180.0
加热电池热失控最高温度θ_c/℃	621.2	495.6	272.7
相邻电池热失控最高温度θ_d/℃	612.7	531.4	246.5
加热电池热失控外壳最高温度θ_e/℃	38.9	139.2	42.0
相邻电池热失控外壳最高温度θ_f/℃	108.6	218.2	59.5

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道路运输过程中动力锂电池热失控及预警研究

Research on thermal runaway and early warning of lithium-ion batteries during road transportation

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