基于生物能量系统原理的人体伤害机制

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.0121

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为深化安全生产理论认识,应用人体生物能量系统(BES)原理,针对生产作业,开展人体伤害机制研究。从生物能量活动和生物组织机能2方面构建生产作业人体安全模型;归纳出与人体交互的物质能量类型,包括摄入能量、活动能量、生产物质能量、物理环境能量,分析各类型能量与人员作业安全的关联关系;根据伤害后果状态,构建人体伤害程度表征函数;从人体BES视角,揭示物质能量作用下的人体伤害机制。结果表明:在生产过程中,与人体交互的物质能量活动异常,对人体产生过度作用,导致人体生物能量活动受阻或失衡,生物组织损伤,机能丧失,是造成人体伤害的根源。对人体产生作用的能量不仅是来自外部的物质能量,还来自人体内部的生物能量,将导致健康与安全问题的根源归结为能量作用,从理论上形成统一的人体伤害机制。

关键词: 生物能量系统(BES), 人体伤害, 物质能量, 异常作用, 生产作业

Abstract:

In order to enhance safety in production, a human injury mechanism of operation was studied based on the principles of human BES. A safety model for human factors in operations was integrated from biological energy and the functional capabilities of biological tissues. The energies interacting with the human body were categorized into four types: the ingested energy, the activity energy, the substance energy in production and the energy from surrounding. The way they influenced the operation safety was analyzed. Based on injury consequence state, the characterization function of human injury degree was constructed, and mechanism of human injury under the action of substance energy was revealed. It shows that the abnormality of substances and energies in production operation produces overaction in the human body and leads to the blockage or imbalance of biological energy activities, which results in biological tissue damage and loss of function. This is the root cause of human injury. The substances and energies which interact with the human body come from external surroundings and internal (e.g. the body's biological energy). All the root causes of occupational health injury and production safety injury can be traced to energy interactions. That helps us to form a unified mechanism of human injury theoretically.

Key words: biological energy system(BES), human body injury, substance energy, abnormal action, production operation

中图分类号:

X910安全人体学

国汉君, 马秋菊, 康荣学. 基于生物能量系统原理的人体伤害机制[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2025, 35(6): 1-9.

GUO Hanjun, MA Qiuju, KANG Rongxue. Study on human body injury mechanism based on principle of biological energy system[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025, 35(6): 1-9.

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能量类型	能量异常作用形式	人体伤害分类	安全阈值要求
人体摄入能量	摄入物质质量不合格	营养不良	与营养均衡性有关
	摄入物质质量不合格	食物中毒	针对特定物质而定
	摄入能量不足与过量	低血糖	与食物摄入不足有关
		窒息	作业空间氧含量应≥19.5%^[13]
		高血氧症	动脉血氧分压 ≤120 mmHg

能量类型	能量异常作用形式	人体伤害分类	安全阈值要求
人体活动能量	活动能量输出超过限度	疲劳	疲劳感与作业强度有关。例如:重体力劳动持续10 min,一般作业持续3 h感受到疲劳^[18]
人体活动能量	不正确的动作姿势下过度活动	劳损	与涉及的人体具体部位有关

能量类型	能量异常作用形式	人体伤害分类	安全阈值要求
生产物质能量	从人体外部作用	物体打击、机械伤害、车辆伤害	人体不同部位承受的应力限值不同。如避免中等脑神经损伤的应力≤17 kPa^[23];避免胸部肋骨骨折的应力≤124.2 MPa^[24]
		爆炸	爆炸冲击波压力≤20 kPa ^[25]
		触电	电压≤36 V^[26],电流≤10 mA^[27]
		灼烫	温度≤44 ℃^[28]
		火灾	热辐射强度≤15. 65 kW/m^2[29]
		坍塌	坍塌涉及物体打击、掩埋窒息等伤害,安全阈值参照相应伤害形式
		透水	透水涉及窒息、物体打击、失温等伤害;安全阈值参照相应伤害形式
		辐射	连续5年的年平均有效剂量≤20 mSv^[30]
		皮肤、眼耳鼻喉口腔等人体表层损伤	针对具体物质和伤害形式而定
	吸入人体内部产生作用	尘肺等呼吸系统伤害	尘肺病粉尘的安全质量浓度阈值与粉尘类别和工况相关。如碳含量≥80%、氧含量≥10%、氢含量≥8%、硫含量≥2.0%的煤尘诱发尘肺病概率较高^[31]
	吸入人体内部产生作用	中毒	与具体有毒有害气体浓度有关。如工作场所的硫化氢质量浓度应≤10 mg/m^3[32];工作人员短时间(15 min)接触的一氧化碳加权平均质量浓度应≤30 mg/m^3[32]
	高处人体携带能量释放	高处坠落	死亡率与坠落高度有关。事故统计数据显示,从3 m以下,3~7.62 m及超过7.62 m高度坠落的死亡占比分别是19.8%、59.6%及20.6%^[33]

能量类型	能量异常作用形式	人体伤害分类	安全阈值要求
物理环境能量	氧气异常 (缺氧)	窒息	导致窒息的氧气含量与暴露时间有关。氧气含量15%~19.5%:短时间暴露,工作效率会降低。长时间暴露,可能导致心脏和肺病问题;氧气含量10%~14%:短时间暴露会呼吸急促、降低认知能力、损伤神经系统等;氧气含量4%~8%:暴露8 min致命^[34]
	气压异常	高原病	高原病与海拔变化有关,从平原进入海拔3 000 m以上高原时,一般人体难以适应
	气压异常	减压病	减压病与高压条件下工作后的减压速度有关
	温度异常	中暑	中暑温度与工作强度和持续时间相关。如在42 ℃以上高温下,轻体力劳动工作时间应≤20 min,重体力劳动者应≤10 min;在40 ℃高温下,轻劳动工作时间应≤30 min,而重体力劳动应≤15 min ^[35]
	温度异常	冻伤	冻伤温度与风速和持续时间有关。例如:风速=5 km/h,气温=-20 ℃时,暴露30 min有冻伤风险;风速=10 km/h,气温=-15 ℃时,暴露30 min有冻伤风险^[36]
	光照异常	眼盲、眼胀、视力下降等眼部损伤	视觉疲劳照度与持续时间相关。例如:照度=50 lx时,工作32 min出现视觉疲劳;照度=300 lx时,工作58 min出现视觉疲劳;照度=750 lx时,工作42 min出现视觉疲劳^[37]
	声音异常 (噪声)	耳聋	听力伤害与持续时间相关。例如:噪声级=90 dB时,工作时间应≤8 h;噪声级=115 dB时,工作时间应≤15 min^[15]

伤害结果状态	生物组织结构完好度P(E)	人体功能完好度F(E)
可承受状态	1	1
受影响状态	1	(0,1]
可恢复状态	(0,1]	(0,1]
永久伤害状态	[0,1)	[0,1)
死亡或重大损失状态	0	0