国内外氢能产业安全监管对比研究

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.0963

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为提高中国氢能安全监管,系统梳理国内外氢能产业发展动态及安全监管框架。在此基础上,从安全监管机构、法律法规、标准体系和科技发展等方面进行对比分析,借鉴国际经验,结合中国实际,从明确监管职责、完善法规供给、健全标准体系、强化科技保障、深化交流合作等5方面提出政策建议。结果表明:全球氢能已进入快速产业化发展阶段,氢能产业发展较为成熟的国家,已构建起以顶层统筹规划、全产业链覆盖监管、标准化体系支撑为核心特征的安全治理体系。相较而言,中国氢能安全监管体系的整体性、标准体系的协调性及关键技术的支撑能力,与氢能产业高速发展的现实需求仍存在差距。需进一步厘清各相关部门在氢能制、储、运、加注及终端应用全链条的监管职责,建立健全跨部门协同监管机制;加快制定系统性的氢能安全专项法律法规,构建覆盖全产业链的标准体系;强化安全技术研发攻关与专业实验平台建设,全面提升我国氢能产业安全监管效能。

关键词: 氢能产业, 安全监管, 氢安全, 标准体系, 政策建议

Abstract:

To enhance hydrogen safety regulation in China, this paper systematically reviewed the development trends of the global hydrogen industry and its safety regulatory frameworks. Based on this, a comparative analysis was conducted from the perspectives of safety supervision institutions, laws and regulations, standard systems, and technological development for hydrogen industry both domestically and internationally. Drawing on international experience and considering China's specific conditions, policy recommendations were proposed in five aspects: clarifying regulatory responsibilities, improving the supply of laws and policies, accelerating the standard system, strengthening technological support, and deepening exchanges and cooperation. The results show that the global hydrogen energy sector has entered a phase of rapid industrialization. Countries with relatively mature hydrogen industries have built safety governance systems characterized by top-level coordination and planning, full-chain coverage regulation, and standard system support. In comparison, China's hydrogen industry still lags behind the demands of its rapid development in terms of the comprehensiveness of safety regulatory system, the coherence of its standard system, and the capacity for key technology support. It is therefore necessary to further clarify the regulatory responsibilities of relevant departments across the full chain of hydrogen production, storage, transportation, refueling, and end-use applications, and to establish and improve cross-departmental collaborative regulatory mechanisms. It is of great importance to accelerate the formulation of systematic hydrogen safety-specific laws and regulations and to build a standard system covering the entire industrial chain, as well as to strengthen R&D on safety technologies and the construction of professional experimental platforms. By doing this, the safety supervision efficiency shall be enhanced comprehensively in China's hydrogen industry.

Key words: hydrogen industry, safety supervision, hydrogen safety, standard system, policy recommendations

中图分类号:

X937

刘佳, 路念明, 白明琪, 刘义. 国内外氢能产业安全监管对比研究[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2026, 36(5): 1-10.

Liu Jia, Lu Nianming, Bai Mingqi, Liu Yi. Research on hydrogen production safety supervision in China in comparison with other countries[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2026, 36(5): 1-10.

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国家	监管机构名称	职责范围
美国	能源部	制定氢能计划,协调氢和燃料电池的科研活动,推动氢和燃料电池在交通及其他领域的应用、示范和验证^[17]
	职业安全与健康管理局	制定工作场所中氢气使用的安全标准,保护员工安全
	交通部	监管氢气运输安全,制定车辆中氢燃料系统和压缩氢储存系统的标准,确保氢动力车辆的安全
德国	国家氢秘书委员会	协调各部门氢能战略管理与监督执行,管理和监督氢战略的实施,确保国家氢战略与市场发展之间的协调,有权采取纠正措施和调整行动计划^[23]
	联邦交通和数字基础设施部	监管氢能在交通领域的应用,并制定相关安全标准
	联邦经济和气候保护部	推动氢能技术与产品标准国际认证^[23]
日本	经济产业省	统一负责氢能安全监管和氢能管理,包括制定和更新《氢能基本战略》中的“氢能安全战略”部分,确保氢能的安全使用
	国土交通省	氢能在交通领域的应用,制定相关安全标准
	消防厅	氢气储存和使用中的消防安全,制定相关法规^[24]
韩国	氢经济委员会	由总理领导的国家氢能规划决策机构,审查氢相关标准和法规,并提供政策咨询
韩国	产业通商资源部	负责全国氢能安全监管,包括安全使用氢气,以及氢用品制造设施的完工检验、氢物品的检验等安全管理事项

国家	法律名称	实施日期	主要内容概述
美国	《国家能源政策法案》	2019	规定了能源开发的总体章程和指导方针,其中,将氢能作为专题进行单独规划
美国	《联邦法规》	—	涵盖各政府部门对于氢能的安全监管相关要求
德国	《工业安全与卫生法》	2015	适用于工业用氢,规定了企业在工作场所使用氢气时需采取的安全措施,以保护员工的健康和安全
	《能源工业法案》	2024	涉及氢能网络发展规划等内容,将氢能基础设施建设纳入法律框架,对氢能设施的规划、建设和运营等方面提出安全要求和规范
	《危险物质条例》	2015	制定了氢气等危险物质的分类、标签、包装和运输等方面的规定,确保氢气在整个供应链中的安全管理
日本	《高压气体保安法》	1951	适用于液化或高压氢气,监管氢气的生产、进口、储存、运输和使用等环节,包括容器标准、安全措施等方面的要求
	《消防法》	1948	制定了加氢站等氢能设施的防火措施、消防设备配备等方面的规定,以防止氢气火灾和爆炸事故的发生
	《建筑基准法》	1950	规定了氢能设施的建筑设计、结构安全等方面的要求,确保氢能设施在建筑方面符合安全标准
韩国	《新能源和可再生能源法》	2021	明确将氢能纳入新能源范畴,对新能源和可再生能源产业发展作出基本制度性安排
	《促进氢经济和氢安全管理法》	2020	氢能管理体制、规划、激励、氢能开发与利用、清洁氢生产认证和安全管理等内容
	《高压气体安全管理法》	1995	对包括氢气在内的高压气体制造、储存、销售、运输和使用作了规范

国家	氢安全标准体系摘要	标准化组织	标准层级和数量
美国	美国的氢安全标准体系已很完善,由ANSI协调国家标准,工业联盟和学术组织制定各种行业标准	ANSI	31项国家标准,116项行业标准^[32],总计147项,包括13项安全标准
欧盟	欧盟正在朝着统一的氢标准体系努力,由欧洲标准化委员会(ComitÉ EuropÉen de Normalisation,CEN)和欧洲电工标准化委员会(the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standa,CENELEC)牵头制定全面的氢技术标准	CEN、CENELEC	未提及具体数量,但标准覆盖范围广泛
日本	日本的氢安全标准体系严格,强调企业对氢安全的责任	日本工业标准委员会	27项国家标准,55项行业标准^[32],总计82项,包括21项安全标准
韩国	韩国氢安全生产标准体系覆盖氢能生产、储存、运输、加注到应用及设备退役的全生命周期安全管理,适配交通、工业等多场景^[17,31-34]	KATS、韩国气体安全公社	氢能及燃料电池领域国家标准58项,15项团体标准,其中,安全方面35项国家标准^[36-37]