Research on effects of random wind speed and direction on UAV ground risk

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.08.1473

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to accurately calculate the ground risk imposed on people after the UAV's crash, a second- order drag model was introduced by considering the wind effects in the air on the UAV's descending process, especially the effects of random wind speed and direction on the crash positions on the ground. A model was built to describe the effects generated by random wind speed and random wind direction. The random wind effects were incorporated into the whole process of the UAV's descent. The actual parameters of the operation scenario and the UAV were used to realize the ground risk assessment by considering multiple factors. The risks to people on the ground that were caused by the effects of random wind speed and direction became the focus, which made the risk assessment and estimation more reliable and authentic. The results prove that the wind in the air would generate a great number of effects on the crash positions on the ground, which further makes the distributions of ground risk quite uneven and the risk values are all above the safety criterion for manned aircraft, which means it is very dangerous when the UAVs are operating in the urban airspace.

Key words: random wind speed, random wind direction, unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV), ground risk, effects, assessment model

SU Chenglin, WANG Zhi, LIU Yang. Research on effects of random wind speed and direction on UAV ground risk[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2023, 33(8): 101-108.

Figures/Tables 16

Fig.1

Fig.2

Tab.1

Main parameters of UAV's descent

关键参数	对应时长/s	垂直距离/m	水平距离/m	坠落速度/ (m·s^-1)
失控上升	t₁	y₁	x₁	v₁
失控下降	t₂	y₂	x₂	$v E 1$ $v E 2$
失控下降	t₃	y₃	x₃	$v F 1$ $v F 2$

Tab.1

Fig.3

Tab.2

Tab.3

Fig.4

Fig.5

Fig.6

Fig.7

Tab.4

Tab.5

Fig.8

Fig.9

Fig.10

Fig.11

References 16

[1]	韩鹏, 张冰玉. 基于改进蚁群算法的无人机安全航路规划研究[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2021, 31(1): 24-29. doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn 1003-3033.2021.01.004
	HAN Peng, ZHANG Bingyu. Safety route planning of UAV based on improved ant colony algorithm[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2021, 31(1): 24-29. doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn 1003-3033.2021.01.004
[2]	胡莘婷, 戴福青. 基于城区行人安全的无人机运行风险评估[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2020, 30(8): 137-142. doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2020.08.020
	HU Xinting, DAI Fuqing. Risk assessment model for UAV operation considering safety of ground pedestrians in urban areas[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2020, 30(8): 137-142. doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2020.08.020
[3]	RUBIO-HERVAS J, GUPTA A, ONG Y S. Data-driven risk assessment and multicriteria optimization of UAV operations[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2018, 77: 510-523. doi: 10.1016/j.ast.2018.04.001
[4]	HU Jueming, ERZBERGER H, GOEBEL K, et al. Probabilistic risk-based operational safety bound for rotary-wing unmanned aircraft systems traffic management[J]. Journal of Aerospace Information Systems, 2020, 17(3): 171-181. doi: 10.2514/1.I010786
[5]	BARR L, NEWMAN R, ANCEL E, et al. Preliminary risk assessment for small unmanned aircraft systems[C]. 17^th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference,2017:DOI:10.2514/6.2017-3272.
[6]	WASHINGTON A, CLOTHIER R A, SILVA J. A review of unmanned aircraft system ground risk models[J]. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 2017, 95: 24-44. doi: 10.1016/j.paerosci.2017.10.001
[7]	VIERHAUSER M, BAYLEY S, WYNGAARD J, et al. Interlocking safety cases for unmanned autonomous systems in shared airspaces[J]. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 2019, 47(5): 899-918. doi: 10.1109/TSE.32
[8]	WANG Bo, KHARCHENKO V, KUKUSH A, et al. Unmanned aerial vehicles trajectory analysis considering missing data[J]. Transport, 2019, 34(2): 155-162. doi: 10.3846/transport.2019.8544
[9]	韩鹏, 赵嶷飞. 基于飞行环境建模的UAV地面撞击风险研究[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2020, 30(1): 142-147. doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2020.01.022
	HAN Peng, ZHAO Yifei. Study on ground impact risk of UAV based on flight environment[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2020, 30(1): 142-147. doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2020.01.022
[10]	闫少琨. 无人机运行安全风险评价[D]. 天津: 中国民航大学, 2018.
	YAN Shaokun. Evaluating the risk of unmanned aircraft operation[D]. Tianjin: Civil Aviation University of China, 2018.
[11]	张泽京, 张曙光, 柳旭, 等. 无人机系统安全目标水平预估方法[J]. 航空动力学报, 2018, 33(4): 1017-1024.
	ZHANG Zejing, ZHANG Shuguang, LIU Xu, et al. Estimated method of target level of safety for unmanned aircraft system[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2018, 33(4): 1017-1024.
[12]	全权, 李刚, 柏艺琴, 等. 低空无人机交通管理概览与建议[J]. 航空学报, 2020, 41(1): 6-34.
	QUAN Quan, LI Gang, BAI Yiqin, et al. Low altitude UAV traffic management: an introductory overview and proposal[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2020, 41(1): 6-34.
[13]	LI Yumeng, DU Wenbo, YANG Peng, et al. A satisficing conflict resolution approach for multiple UAVs[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2018, 6(2): 1866-1878. doi: 10.1109/JIoT.6488907
[14]	ANDERS C. Ground impact probability distribution for small unmanned aircraft in ballistic descent[C]. 2020 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS), 2020: 1442-1451.
[15]	DALAMAGKIDIS K, VALAVANIS K P, PIEGL L A. On integrating unmanned aircraft systems into the national airspace system: issues, challenges, operational restrictions, certification, and recommendations[M]. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media, 2011:100-106.
[16]	ZHANG Xuejun, LIU Yang, ZHANG Yu, et al. Safety assessment and risk estimation for unmanned aerial vehicles operating in national airspace system[J]. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2018, 2018: 1-11.

参数	场景1	场景2	场景3	场景4
风速	N(2, 0.2)	N(4, 0.4)	N(6, 0.6)	N(8, 0.8)
风向	N(π/2, π/8)

参数	Firebird	X8	Typhoon H	Zenith ATX8
场景1	5.30	6.40	24.77	59.21
场景2	5.34	6.43	25.25	60.29
场景3	5.40	6.48	26.13	61.37
场景4	5.42	6.50	26.68	62.52

参数	场景1	场景2	场景3	场景4
风向	N(0, π/10)	N(π/2, π/10)	N(π, π/10)	N(3π/2, π/10)
风速	N(3.4, 0.5)