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    Statistical analysis of major chemical work safety accidents in recent 20 years
    LI Min, ZHU Baijian, CHEN Tingwei, HE Shan, SHI Shiliang, LU Yi
    China Safety Science Journal    2024, 34 (11): 43-50.   DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.11.0437
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    In order to reduce the number of accidents, casualties and enhance the ability to control the level of accident hazards, and to study the general characteristics and hidden patterns of heavy and large safety accidents in China's chemical production industry, this paper used statistical analysis to comprehensively analyze 41 heavy and large accidents that occurred from 2000 to 2023 in terms of time, region, production stage, type of accidents, causes of accidents and other elements. The results show that the number of accidents shows a fluctuating upward trend in 2007-2019, and July and August are the high incidence period of accident every year. The number of heavy chemical accidents in East China accounts for 52.2% of the whole country, of which 12 accidents occurred in Shandong Province, accounting for 57.1% of the total. The highest proportion of accidents occurred in the formal production stage of enterprises, accounting for 53.6% of the total. The main types of accidents is container explosion. The domino effect exists in accidents, with heavy domino accidents and large domino accidents accounting for 14.63% and 39.02% of the total accidents respectively. There are more accidents with domino effect in heavy and large accidents than those without domino effect, accounting for 53.65%, of which the casualties of accidents with large dominoes account for 40.1% of the total accidents and casualties. The most frequent cause of accident statistics is the illegal execution of production, accounting for 49.3% of the total, and the resulting accidents with domino effect account for 66.6% of the accidents. In response to the problems analyzed in the above accidents, this paper proposes some measures to improve the management system from three perspectives: the company, the equipment and the employees.

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    Connotation and capacity building of safe development of new quality productivity
    LUO Fanglu, LUO Wuzan
    China Safety Science Journal    2024, 34 (10): 8-16.   DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.0616
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    From the perspective of overall high-quality development and high-level security strategy, in order to realize the integration of new quality and productivity security development, research was carried out on the connotation, basic characteristics and capabilities of new quality and productivity security development. First, based on the triangle model, the connotation of safe development of new quality productivity was explained in combination with specific cases. Secondly, using the method of system engineering, the three-dimensional structural model was constructed, and the essential characteristics of the safe development of new quality productivity were analyzed. Finally, the capacities required for enhancing the safe development of new quality productivity were proposed. The research results indicate that the safe development of new quality productivity should focus on science and technology security, information data security, and risk management in new security fields, which are characterized by basic, overall, dynamic, complex and extensive features. The basic is reflected in the time dimension, the overall, dynamic and complex are manifested in the logic dimension, and the extensive features are embodied in the knowledge dimension. To promote safe development of new quality productivity, it is necessary to enhance strategic ability, leadership ability, collaboration ability, risk management ability, and theoretical innovation ability, corresponding to the three-dimensional structure model.

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    Collision scenario construction and simulation analysis for autonomous driving safety testing
    ZHAO Yaohua, CHEN Yanzhan, ZHENG Liang, LI Shukai
    China Safety Science Journal    2024, 34 (7): 211-218.   DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0247
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    To reduce traffic accidents caused by autonomous vehicles and improve the efficiency of vehicle safety testing in simulation environments, an autonomous driving collision test scenario construction method was proposed based on deep reinforcement learning. Firstly, the vehicle's driving process was mapped to a Markov decision process by setting the state, action, and reward functions. Then, the agent was trained to complete the vehicle collision task and generate the collision test scenarios based on the built simulation platform (CARLA-DRL). Finally, 500 random collision simulation tests were conducted to analyze the collision success rate, collision time, and collision energy based on the relative distance between the agent and the autonomous vehicle. The results indicated that the agent generated collision trajectories that conformed to vehicle dynamics and could construct refined and multi-type collision test scenarios. The average collision success rate between the agent and the autonomous vehicle was 62.20%, the average collision time was 127.25 s, and the average collision energy value was 175.98 kJ. The proposed method can construct high-frequency, high-efficient, and high-risk autonomous driving vehicle collision test scenarios, increasing the probability of occasional high-risk scenarios in simulation scenarios and enhancing the efficiency of safety testing for autonomous vehicle collision incidents.

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    Statistical analysis and countermeasures of major accidents in coal mines in China
    WANG Haijun, QI Qingjie, LIANG Yuntao, QI Qingxin, LIU Yingjie, SUN Zuo
    China Safety Science Journal    2024, 34 (9): 9-18.   DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0208
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    To reveal the characteristics of coal mine accidents in China in recent years, and put forward targeted countermeasures and suggestions for accident prevention, firstly, the major and catastrophic coal mine accidents in China from 2013 to 2023 were collected and analyzed from the aspects of the year, type, month, province and cause of the accident. Secondly, taking "2·22" particularly serious collapse accident in Inner Mongolia Xinjing coal mine as an example, the accident was analyzed based on 24Model. Finally, combined with the above analysis and research results, the accident prevention countermeasures and suggestions in line with the current situation of coal mine safety production in China were put forward. The analysis and research results show that the number of major accidents and deaths in coal mines has shown an overall downward trend, and the level of coal mine safety production in China has significantly improved since the 12th Five Year Plan. Gas accidents are still the main accidents in coal mines in China, accounting for 51%. The fourth quarter of each year is a period of high incidence of coal mine accidents, accounting for 30.43% of the total number of accidents. Affected by geological conditions and occurrence, accidents often occur in the main coal producing areas. The proportion of accidents caused by unsafe human behavior is as high as 74%. When there are hidden dangers at both the individual and organizational levels and the dual prevention measures are not in place, accidents are likely to occur. Countermeasures and suggestions for reducing coal mine safety accidents are put forward from four dimensions, including safety supervision, strengthening safety through science and technology, team development and safety culture.

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    Generation mechanism of weak prevention in process of accident risk governance
    ZHANG Jian, HU Chunyan
    China Safety Science Journal    2024, 34 (12): 24-33.   DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0580
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    In order to promote the precise governance goals of accident risks, a research method combining process-tracking based on actor network theory and case comparative analysis was adopted to study the weak prevention generation mechanism in the process of accident risk governance. Firstly, the technical environment for analyzing the evolution process of accident risk was clarified, including prepositive contexts, structural scenarios, and developmental circumstances, as well as the analysis logic based on Lens Model and dimensions of time, space, and structure, to provide a research foundation for the integrity analysis of accident risk production process. Secondly, based on the case comparative analysis of the tracking of the interaction process between different types of actors and risks, the role change picture of the core actors, homeowners and rainstorm, in the process of accident/disaster risk governance and accident/disaster generation was presented integrally. Finally, a comparative analysis and reflection of case studies based on tracking the interaction between different types of actors and risks were summarized, and the essence and generation mechanism of weak prevention in the process of accident risk governance were proposed. The results indicate that the mixed interaction between human and non-human actors can continuously activate the emergence and mutual construction process of new actors, new intersectionality, and new vulnerabilities in the system, subsequently resulting in the non-stationary evolution of accident risk production environment and risk structure, which leads to intervention failure and recurrence of weak prevention in the process of accident risk governance.

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    Research on disaster and accident trans-regional collaborative governance community based on fsQCA
    SHEN Xia
    China Safety Science Journal    2024, 34 (10): 205-213.   DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.0525
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    In order to facilitate the rapid formation of a disaster and accident trans-regional collaborative governance community in response to major emergencies, this study employed fsQCA. It investigated fourteen cases by selecting seven conditional variables across three dimensions: Incentives, mechanisms, and guarantees. These variables included value consensus, existential threats, administrative mobilization, collaborative linkage mechanisms, interest equilibrium mechanisms, legal guarantees, and digital intelligence technologies. The study explored the core influencing factors and the complex causal relationships in the formation of the disaster and accident trans-regional collaborative governance community. Configurational analysis identified three patterns of community formation: party-government-led, value-driven, and crisis-triggered, with each pattern corresponding to typical cases in the case database. The findings reveal that collaborative linkage mechanisms are a necessary condition for the formation of emergency management communities, while the other six variables cannot individually serve as necessary conditions. Optimizing the functionality of collaborative linkage mechanisms can effectively promote the development of trans-regional emergency management communities.

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    Experimental study on spalling failure of deep hard rock tunnels with different lithology and cross-section shapes
    LI Xiang, MIAO Sen, YANG Bo
    China Safety Science Journal    2024, 34 (8): 108-119.   DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.0597
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    To explore the influence of the lithology and cross-section shape on spalling failure properties of deep hard rock tunnels, indoor true triaxial tests on spalling failure were performed. Firstly, two types of rock samples (marble and granite) and two typical cross-section shapes (high side wall gate arch shape and horseshoe shape) samples in practical applications were selected. Then, the failure characteristics under the influence of different lithology and cross-section shapes were analyzed from the three aspects including spalling failure mode, spalling rock plate characteristics, and the characteristic stress during spalling. Finally, numerical simulation was conducted to explore the corresponding displacement and stress distribution characteristics during the development and propagation of the cracks. Furthermore, the spalling failure characteristics of deep hard rock tunnels were investigated. The results indicated that the slab peeling and opening failure phenomenon for the marble sample was more significant than the granite one in terms of spalling failure mode during the test process. Moreover, the cross-sectional contour range involved in spalling failure for the horseshoe shape sample was smaller than the high-side wall gate arch shape. Different lithologies presented different flaked rock slab shapes for different flaked rock slab characteristics. Compared with the high-side wall gate shape, the flaked rock slabs near the outer layer relevant to the curved wall arch sample were more slender. For the characteristic stress during spalling, the granite sample had a larger threshold at the beginning of the spalling and a faster rate for the evolution process of the spalling failure compared with the marble one. Furthermore, compared with the horseshoe shape sample, the characteristic stresses of the high-side wall gate arch sample were higher from the beginning of plate cracking to the occurrence of obvious plate cracking failure. The area with large displacement in the numerical simulation was mainly observed on the side wall of the hole. The farther away from the side wall, the smaller the displacement. Moreover, the major reason the spalling occurs can be attributed to the tangential stress concentration.

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    Research review and progress of coal mine gas explosion risk assessment
    LI Min, WANG Dan, HE Shan, SHI Shiliang, WANG Deming, LU Yi
    China Safety Science Journal    2025, 35 (2): 127-136.   DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.0963
    Abstract456)   HTML0)    PDF(pc) (4007KB)(0)       Save

    Gas explosion disaster is the most serious coal mine accidents. In order to summarize the research progress of gas explosion risk assessment, firstly, the risk factors of gas explosion were identified. Then the shortcomings of existing risk assessment methods were analyzed, and the following conclusions were drawn by sorting out relevant literature. The analysis shows that there are subjective problems in identification method and evaluation method of coal mine gas explosion risk sources. There are also some problems with risk factors, such as the uncertainty of gas source and change, the unknown ignition source, the uncertainty of ventilation and air control. The application of objective weighting method and evaluation method based on mathematical theory can improve the accuracy of weighting and evaluation results, but the computational complexity limits its wide application. Although the application of computer models has made the assessment of coal mine gas explosion risk more accurate, it is necessary to solve the problem of expanding the integration of data collection and deep learning. Based on the current research status and existing problems, the future risk assessment of coal mine gas explosion can develop in the direction of multi-source data fusion technology, deeply mining precursory warning information, establishing intelligent models of disaster information based on information depth perception and data mining, and realizing dynamic risk assessment of coal mine gas explosion.

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    Risk assessment of low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle operation based on fuzzy Bayesian network
    GENG Zengxian, CHEN Junyu
    China Safety Science Journal    2024, 34 (8): 53-60.   DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1295
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    To solve the current safety risk issues of UAV operations in low-altitude urban environments, a FBN was used to identify and analyze the key risk factors of low-altitude UAV operations. Firstly, risk factors were analyzed from the perspective of human-machine-environment-management based on operation process of low-altitude UAVs. GeNIe software was used to develop a Bayesian network(BN) for risk assessment of low-altitude UAV operations, and the prior probabilities of the underlying events were analyzed using expert prior knowledge and fuzzy sets. Finally, univariate, bivariate, and sensitivity analyses were performed, and the network feasibility was validated. The results indicated that the key risk factors for low-altitude UAV operation were UAV battery failure, environmental obstacles on the operation route, and UAV operation supervision technology. FBN reverse inference showed that environment-related risk (79%) and UAV equipment risk (60%) were the main risk factors in the UAV operation process.

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    ChatSOS: large language model-based knowledge Q&A system for safety engineering
    TANG Haiyang, LIU Zhenyi, CHEN Dongping, CHU Qingzhao
    China Safety Science Journal    2024, 34 (8): 178-185.   DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1901
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    To address the limitations of large language models in safety engineering, such as the corpus size, input processing capabilities and privacy concerns, ChatSOS, a Q&A system based on large language models, was developed. Based on 117 explosion incident reports from 2013 to 2023, a vector database to enhance the system's capability was constructed. ChatSOS integrated prompt engineering and external knowledge base to retrieve and analyze relevant data from the database. Compared to ChatGPT, ChatSOS integrated the external knowledge base, so that the big language model could retrieve the relevant corpus from the database according to the user's input information and make in-depth analysis. The results show that ChatSOS excels in in-depth professional problem analysis, autonomous task allocation, and providing detailed summaries and recommendations based on incident reports. By combining with the external knowledge database, the limitations of the large language model's professional corpus in safety engineering are overcome, which prevents performance degradation associated with fine-tuning on new datasets, broadens the application of large language models in this field, and paves the way for future advancements in automation and intelligent systems.

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    Comparative study of inherent safety, behavior-based safety, process safety and functional safety based on safety management paradigm shift
    TONG Ruipeng, WANG Lulu, XU Surui, WANG Zhihao, LIAN Fangfei
    China Safety Science Journal    2025, 35 (1): 7-15.   DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.1045
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    To clarify the essential characteristics and differences between inherent safety, behavior-based safety, process safety, and functional safety and to promote a virtuous cycle of high-quality development and high-level safety, this study employed literature review and comparative analysis methods to explore their basic connotations and evolution processes, interrelationships, realistic challenges, and development paths based on the safety management paradigm shift. The results indicate that inherent safety is an idealized form of safety. Behavior-based safety is an interdisciplinary field that involves the theories and methods of safety science and behavioral science. Process safety protects humans, machines, and the environment through systematic approaches from a full life cycle perspective. Functional safety aims at preventing unacceptable risks caused by functional failures of systems. The four types of safety, led by inherent safety, involve a gradual progression from concepts to practice. These types of safety share a unified internal structure encompassing the elements of humans, machines, environment and management. The current representative standards cover various industry sectors and focus on accident prevention. In the future, the synergistic effect of the four in safety governance should be fully utilized. By using artificial intelligence technology to empower the new engine of safety production, the four should be continuously improved in specific practices tailored to local conditions.

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    Situation awareness and behavior response model of crane drivers based on DEMATEL-AISM
    JIN Lianghai, LIU Hao, WU Bangjie, SHI Hui, HE Shiyu
    China Safety Science Journal    2024, 34 (9): 1-8.   DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.09.0096
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    To have a deep understanding of the causal relationship between crane drivers' situation awareness information and behavior, the situation awareness and behavior response model of crane drivers was proposed by combining the ENDSLEY situation awareness model with the DEMATEL-AISM method. Firstly, the situation awareness theory was used to analyze the driver's behavioral response process and obtain information factors during the crane operation task. Secondly, the DEMATEL method was used to quantitatively analyze the association between the factors and determine a comprehensive influence matrix. Moreover, the attributes and characteristic values of the factors were analyzed to identify the key factors. Finally, a stable hierarchical structure of cause-effect attributes obtained by the AISM was used to propose the situation awareness and behavior response model of crane drivers. The results revealed that a five-layer information model consisted of 22 elements and influence relationships such as key elements of trajectory prediction and planning, and collision avoidance. Furthermore, the proposed model clarified the attribute characteristics, influence relationships, and influence degree among the information elements, offering a deep understanding of the crane driver's situation awareness and behavior response.

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    Intelligent identification of landslide disaster based on deep learning of UAV images
    JIANG Song, LI Yanbo, HE Xuqian, HE Runfeng, ZHANG Chao, ZHANG Cunliang
    China Safety Science Journal    2024, 34 (7): 229-238.   DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.2092
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    An open-pit mine landslide identification method was proposed based on object-oriented annotation datasets and the Res-U-Net model to realize accurate identification and early warning of open-pit mile landslide disasters. Firstly, the mine landslide image data in the study area were obtained by UAV aerial survey. Secondly, the multi-scale-spectral segmentation method and threshold separation principle were applied to divide and classify the open-pit mine landslide data, and the landslide dataset was developed based on the object-oriented method. Then, the U-Net network was used as the infrastructure to propose a landslide identification semantic segmentation model based on Res-U-Net by integrating the residual module into each convolutional layer. Finally, the datasets constructed by different methods were used to identify landslides, and the Res-U-Net model was compared with the widely used semantic segmentation models, Fully Convolutional Networks (FCN), and U-net. The results indicated that the landslide data set based on object-oriented annotation had better landslide identification performance when compared to the traditional manual annotation dataset, resulting in improvements in identification accuracy, recall rate, F1 score, and kappa coefficient of more than 12%. The landslide identification accuracy of the Res-U-Net model was more than 0.8, realizing the accurate landslide open-pit mine disaster identification.

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    Construction of intelligent system security analysis system under view of negative systematics in 5G era
    NIU Lixia, LI Xiaomeng, WANG Hongmei
    China Safety Science Journal    2024, 34 (8): 1-10.   DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.0226
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    In order to explore the negativity and universality of security incidents, a reverse thinking paradigm based on Negative Systems Theory in safety science was first applied in conjunction with the Ecosystem Theory from systems science. This approach identified the characteristics of intelligent systems—openness, inclusivity, interactive coupling, and dynamic balance—and clarified the logical framework for intelligent system security analysis. Subsequently, the sources of security incident hazards were identified from the perspective of negative systems theory, and the mechanisms behind security incidents were explained. The concept of cohesive coupling was introduced, and an s-shaped framework model was proposed to analyze the stability of subsystems within intelligent systems and investigate their underlying technological support. Finally, using the concepts of producers, transmitters, consumers, and decomposers, the dynamic balance of information flow throughout the entire process in intelligent systems was analyzed, collectively shaping the security analysis framework under the negative systems theory perspective. The results indicated that the security analysis framework established under the negative systems theory perspective could effectively analyze the secure and stable operation as well as the dynamic balance of information flow throughout intelligent systems, ensuring the comprehensiveness and reliability of intelligent system security analysis.

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    Construction and practice of collaborative education system for safety disciplines: from "Four-dimensional integration" to "Four-chain parallel"
    TONG Ruipeng, WANG Leyao, HAN Jixiang, KANG Rongxue, ZHANG-JIANG Bonan, AN Yu
    China Safety Science Journal    2024, 34 (10): 1-7.   DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1026
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    To promote the all-around cultivation of undergraduate-master-doctoral integrated talents in safety science and engineering in universities, an effective collaborative education system was proposed by integrating curriculum ideological and politics, scientific research, innovation and entrepreneurship (dual innovation), and industry education. Firstly, based on the current collaboration situation, the issues of the collaborative education system of safety discipline were deeply analyzed in terms of ideological education, science education, creative education, and industry education, and the connotation requirements of "a game of chess" were proposed. Then, a "four-dimensional integration" collaborative education system was developed through ideological and political guidance, research-driven, dual innovation cultivation, and industry-education orientation. Finally, based on the school's "Technology Mine" practical education brand, the practice of the "four-chain parallel" collaborative education system was performed in the case of safety discipline at China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing. The results showed that the collaboration education system for the safety discipline transferring from "four-dimensional integration" to "four-chain parallel" can meet the educational goals of the safety disciplines at different stages from undergraduate to master's to doctoral levels. It can also respond to the times for ideological and political, scientific research, industry, innovation, and entrepreneurship in safety science and engineering.

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    A review of research for civil aviation safety resilience
    YUAN Leping, ZHENG Ying, GU Zekun, GAO Yuyu
    China Safety Science Journal    2025, 35 (2): 1-9.   DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.0661
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    In order to systematically review the research and development status of safety resilience in the field of civil aviation at home and abroad, and deepen the research on safety resilience in the field of civil aviation, firstly, the concept of aviation safety resilience was explored by reviewing policy documents, standards and research literature related to air transport systems in recent years. Then the research and application of safety resilience in civil aviation airport, air traffic control, flight operation and other fields were discussed. Finally, the existing problems were analyzed and corresponding suggestions and prospects are put forward. The results show that the safety management of civil aviation has formed a relatively perfect system, and the safety resilience covers all stages of safety management before, during and after, but it still cannot meet the needs of perfect connection and integration with the existing safety management system. Current studies focus more on the resilience of airports and route networks. In terms flight operation, more measures are taken to improve safety resilience based on the actual flight operation. The basic research on aviation resilience assessment is relatively lacking, and the research on aviation personnel resilience at operational level is far from enough. In the future, relevant research should be carried out around the individual operation resilience, enrich the basic research of resilience assessment, further deepen the research and form a relatively stable discipline system, pay attention to the connection between safety resilience and safety management system, and assess individual operation resilience from the perspective of safety.

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    Impact of implicit and explicit safety attitudes on safety behavior among construction workers
    YE Gui, YUE Hongzhe, YE Xin
    China Safety Science Journal    2024, 34 (12): 2-7.   DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0222
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    To improve construction workers' safety behavior and enhance the effectiveness of both implicit and explicit safety attitudes on this behavior, this study investigated the interaction between these two types of attitudes and their combined influence on safety behavior. First, an experiment was designed to measure the implicit safety attitudes of construction workers, and Implicit Association Test(IAT) was used to evaluate underlying attitudes. Then, the relationship between implicit and explicit safety attitudes was analyzed based on an explicit safety attitude scale. Finally, the study examined how the three components of both implicit and explicit safety attitudes—cognitive, emotional, and behavioral tendency—affected safety behavior. The results show that construction workers generally exhibit positive implicit safety attitude. However, the correlation between implicit and explicit safety attitudes is weak. Explicit safety attitude, particularly the overall, emotional, and behavioral components, has a significant positive effect on safety behavior, while the correlation between implicit attitude and safety behavior remains weak. When implicit and explicit safety attitudes are aligned, their correlation with and explanatory power for safety behavior increases.

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    China Safety Science Journal    2024, 34 (8): 251-252.  
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    Exploration and practice of a new training mode for safety engineering degree postgraduates
    HU Juan, WANG Kai, TONG Ruipeng, ZHOU Aitao
    China Safety Science Journal    2025, 35 (1): 1-6.   DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.1037
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    Cultivating professional master's students is essential to addressing the shortage of high-level applied talents. To meet the industry demand for safety engineering professionals, this study analyzes challenges in China's training processes based on domestic and international practices. It introduces the "professional group + action learning method" model, alongside reforms in curriculum, teaching methods, training bases, faculty, and evaluation standards, using China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing as a case study. Data from the 2023 cohort validate the model's effectiveness in improving graduate quality, enhancing competencies, and addressing traditional education shortcomings, proving its feasibility and reference value.

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    Failure causes of emergency response in oil and gas pipeline accidents and social network analysis
    GONG Yunhua, ZHANG Zhe
    China Safety Science Journal    2025, 35 (1): 209-215.   DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.1536
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    To avoid worsening the consequences of oil and gas pipeline accidents due to emergency failures, the causes of emergency failure in 27 accidents at home and abroad were analyzed using the HFACS model. Based on the results of grounded theory(GT) statistical coding analysis, a classification model of failure causes of emergency response in oil and gas pipeline accidents was proposed. SNA was used to develop the relationship network of the causes of emergency failures in oil and gas pipeline accidents. The core-periphery, centrality, and association direction index analyses were used to identify core factors and factors with high association and strong mediating roles in the classification model of the causes of emergency failures in oil and gas pipeline accidents. The results indicated that the classification model of emergency failure causes in oil and gas pipeline accidents was divided into five levels: government and emergency department factors, operator organizational factors, operator unsafe supervision, preconditions for unsafe behavior of on-site personnel, and unsafe behavior of on-site personnel. The emergency failure causes were further divided into 16 bottom-level factors, among which there were 9 core factors: inadequate safety supervision by government and emergency departments, ineffective emergency rescue, regulations defects, insufficient supervision by pipeline operators, technical environment, and skill errors. Skill errors, regulations or procedure defects, technical environment, and insufficient supervision by operators were highly associated factors. Moreover, pipeline operators' regulation defects, procedure defects, technical environment, insufficient supervision, improper resource management, and decision-making errors were strong mediating factors.

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