China Safety Science Journal

Study on human body injury mechanism based on principle of biological energy system

GUO Hanjun, MA Qiuju, KANG Rongxue

2025, 35(6): 1-9. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.0121

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In order to enhance safety in production, a human injury mechanism of operation was studied based on the principles of human BES. A safety model for human factors in operations was integrated from biological energy and the functional capabilities of biological tissues. The energies interacting with the human body were categorized into four types: the ingested energy, the activity energy, the substance energy in production and the energy from surrounding. The way they influenced the operation safety was analyzed. Based on injury consequence state, the characterization function of human injury degree was constructed, and mechanism of human injury under the action of substance energy was revealed. It shows that the abnormality of substances and energies in production operation produces overaction in the human body and leads to the blockage or imbalance of biological energy activities, which results in biological tissue damage and loss of function. This is the root cause of human injury. The substances and energies which interact with the human body come from external surroundings and internal (e.g. the body's biological energy). All the root causes of occupational health injury and production safety injury can be traced to energy interactions. That helps us to form a unified mechanism of human injury theoretically.

Smart emergency management system from ecological perspective: connotation, structure, characteristics, and operational mechanisms

NIU Lixia, LI Xiaomeng

2025, 35(6): 10-18. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.1314

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To enhance the recovery, learning, and renewal capabilities of IEMS, an ecological perspective was adopted to systematically analyze its connotation, structure, characteristics, and operation mechanisms. By examining the niche control process and ecosystem properties, the dynamic evolution, synergistic symbiosis, information dependence, and openness of IEMS were revealed. Based on the principle of adaptability, an intelligent emergency collaboration body was constructed, emphasizing the importance of multi-agent synergy. Furthermore, resource allocation and response processes were optimized through fractal theory and a dual-chain operational optimization strategy, thereby improving the system's operational efficiency and resilience. Ultimately, a "five-dimension" pattern was established to jointly shape the system's self-learning mechanism. The results show that, from an ecological perspective, IEMS maintains systemic stability through niche control and transforms from passive defense to proactive response through its self-adaptive, self-organizing, self-correcting, and self-learning characteristics.

Analysis and evaluation model of oil and gas pipeline contractor behavior safety risk

CUI Jinghui, DONG Guoyu, ZHANG Zengqiang, SUN Ninghao, TONG Ruipeng

2025, 35(6): 19-26. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.0131

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In order to systematically analyze the behavioral safety risks of contractors in oil and gas pipeline projects and improve the scientificity and standardization of risk assessment work, a contractor behavioral safety risk assessment model was constructed based on the concept of full life cycle management, integrating the three key elements of the safety management system, behavior and status. The weights of indicators at all levels were determined by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and a quantitative scoring mechanism was established. The model was verified by cases such as the Yixian sub-transmission station, the Beijing branch water conservation project, and the Linxian operation area sewage treatment system replacement project. The results show that typical problems in the stages of business selection and pre-entry preparation, project construction, project end and completion include incomplete construction plans, unclear personnel responsibilities, missing safety supervision records, and low training coverage. The assessment model can identify and classify different types of risks and clarify their distribution characteristics throughout the life cycle. The behavioral safety risks of oil and gas pipeline contractors have different manifestations at different stages. There is a significant correlation between organizational behavior and management status, and risks are prone to concentrate on the weak links of stage connection and management chain.

Causal inference of effect of motor-vehicle driver's avoidance action on cyclists' injury

ZHU Tong, LI Wei, ZHAO Yunfei, LI Xiaohu, WANG Peng

2025, 35(6): 27-36. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.0530

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To verify the impact of drivers' evasive actions on injuries of two-wheeler riders and to identify the conditions under which evasive maneuvers fail or even exacerbate the injuries, based on data from China In-Depth Accident Study (CIDAS), NSGA-II was first used to simulate and optimize the reconstruction of accident scenes. Vehicle speed and two-wheeler speed data at the moment of collision were extracted. A research dataset consisting of independent variables, dependent variables, and 11 covariates was constructed. Simulation-derived variables and investigation-based data fields were integrated to serve as the foundational data for modeling. Secondly, two causal inference methods were adopted, namely the propensity score (PS) weighting - regression analysis combination method considering positive hypotheses and covariate adjustment (inverse probability weighting (IPW) and overlap probability weighting (OW)), to infer the causality between evasive actions and injury severity, and to compare the inter-group balance after processing by IPW, OW and unweighted regression methods. Finally, the causal effect of drivers' evasive actions on the injury severity of two-wheeler riders under different conditions was quantitatively analyzed. The results show that, in general, the evasive actions currently adopted by drivers cannot effectively reduce the injury severity of riders. When the vehicle types are commercial vehicles and the motor vehicle traveling at medium to high speeds, taking evasive driving actions tends to aggravates the injuries of riders. Among these actions, steering maneuvers is more likely to increase the severity of rider injuries.

Evaluation method for major accident hazards based on accident tree analysis

YUAN Fanyu, MI Qin, CHEN Jie, XIAO Kangming

2025, 35(6): 37-41. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.1414

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In order to enhance the precision of the criteria for identifying major accident hazards, an evaluation method for major accident hazards based on ATA was proposed. This method systematically applied evaluation tools such as the risk matrix and accident tree analysis to determine high-risk and above accidents through accident risk classification and used as the top event for ATA. The accident tree was simplified using Boolean algebra rules to obtain the ranking of the structural importance of each basic event that could induce the accident. According to the "80/20 Rule", the top 20% of basic events with the highest structural importance were identified to determine the core events that could lead to the accident, which were then regarded as major accident hazards for precise control. A case study on high-rise building fires was conducted for validation. The results demonstrate that the failure of the automatic fire alarm system has the highest structural importance in the fire accident tree of high-rise buildings through ATA. It should be judged as a major fire hazard clause of high-rise buildings. Therefore, the evaluation method for major accident hazards based on accident tree analysis can effectively determine the criteria for identifying major accident hazards.

Evolution of policy discourse on mine work safety in China under overall safety and emergency response framework

MAO Qingduo, CHEN Liyu, GAO Tianzi

2025, 35(6): 42-50. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.1187

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This study investigated the construction pathway of the overall safety and emergency response framework by strengthening its theoretical connections with industrial safety governance. Focusing on the mining industry, this study conducted discourse analysis on mine work safety policies using ROST CM6 software. Through six chronological phases, lexical cluster statistics and semantic network mapping were systematically performed to reveal the evolutionary trajectory of policy discourse. The results show that three discourse paradigms of "safety", "emergency" and "risk" exhibit diachronic iteration, which respectively realize the functions of policy continuity, domain expansion and theoretical innovation. These paradigms synergistically integrate through functional complementarity, ultimately forming a unified discourse system centered on comprehensive safety and emergency governance. The research validates the theoretical logic underlying the framework's formation and highlights its significance in deepening disciplinary connotation and advancing interdisciplinary boundaries.

Extracting construction safety requirement information using natural language processing

WU Zhijiang, LIU Mengyao, MA Guofeng

2025, 35(6): 51-59. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.1237

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To solve the problem that construction safety requirement information hidden in project documents is hard to be discovered without relevance and semantic ambiguity, a two-stage integration framework combining NLP techniques was developed for project document analysis and classification and extraction of requirement information. First, the safety targets of the project to be evaluated were obtained by combining the multivariate techniques of NLP, and an association model was established based on the topic model to recommend the appropriate requirement types. Then, the semantic features of the three types of elements were considered, and keyword analysis, sentiment analysis, and dependency analysis were adopted to extract the three types of elements, respectively. Finally, two types of construction projects (civil and industrial) were used as case to test the type recommendation and extraction of construction safety requirements. The results show that the two-stage integration framework recommends four appropriate requirement types for civil and industrial buildings respectively, and the combination of lexical properties and lexical sentiment can effectively extract the requirement keywords and behavior opinion words, and the extraction accuracy of the main elements can reach 88.6% after supplementing the description of building types. The test results confirm that responding to safety target features can recommend suitable types from the complicated requirement information, and the classification and extraction of requirement information combined with NLP avoids subjective preferences and improves the accuracy of information extraction.

On bracing mechanism and stability of two-row inclined-vertical retaining piles

CAO Weiping, XIAO Hannan, LUO Longping, LYU Pin, ZHAO Ming

2025, 35(6): 60-69. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.1145

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In order to enhance the application of double-row inclined-vertical pile composite support in loess foundation pits, model tests were conducted to investigate the displacement, internal force, and earth pressure changes of forward-inclined rear-vertical double-row piles and double-row inward-inclined pile support structures during excavation. Numerical analysis was also used to explore the effect of pile inclination on support performance. The results show that the horizontal displacement of the pile body and surface settlement outside the pit are both smaller in the inward-inclined double-row pile support compared to the forward-inclined rear-vertical pile support. Additionally, the maximum axial force, bending moment, and net earth pressure on the front row piles are also lower. As the pile inclination increases, the pile top displacement, surface settlement outside the pit, and the maximum axial force of the pile body decrease, while the maximum bending moment and the safety factor of the foundation pit increase. In the double-row inclined-vertical pile support structure, the front inclined piles function to brace internally, retain the soil, and enhance structural safety and stability, whereas the rear vertical piles serve to anchor, transfer, and distribute earth pressure. Together, they improve the overall stability of the support system. During excavation, the stress path of the soil outside the pit initially moves away from and then approaches the failure K_f line. A greater pile inclination results in the stress path staying further from the K_f line. Comparatively, the stress path of the inward-inclined double-row pile support stays further from the principal stress K_f line, leading to higher safety and stability of the foundation pit.

Cause analysis of hazardous chemical tank area leakage accidents based on STAMP composite method

FU Jianmin, LIANG Zhengtan, WANG Junjie

2025, 35(6): 70-78. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.1196

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To address the challenges of high risk and difficulty in quantitative analyzing hazardous chemical storage tank area leakage accidents, a composite method based on STAMP was proposed to elucidate the accident mechanisms. It clarifies the logical relationships among causal factors and quantitatively evaluate the impacts of accident causation, thereby enabling nonlinear quantitative accident analysis. First, the STAMP-24Model was utilized to construct an accident analysis diagram for hazardous chemical storage tank leakage, identifying system components, hierarchical relationships, as well as analyzing accident causal factors and their logical connections. Subsequently, Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) method was applied to determine path relationships and hierarchical structures among causal factors. Node importance analysis based on degree and clustering coefficients, as well as BN node analysis, was conducted to assess the criticality of causal factors on system. Finally, the validity and feasibility of the method were verified through a case study. The results show that organizational management failure (e.g., failure to implement safety rules and regulations, lax implementation of engineering management regulations) is the core driver of accident risk evolution, with a total degree value of 53.3%, and a significant coupling effect with physical and personnel layer factors.

Research progress on influencing factors of explosion limit and explosion pressure of mixed gases

LUAN Tingting, HUANG Jun, YANG Guoliang, REN Changxing, LYU Pengfei

2025, 35(6): 79-87. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.0257

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With the development of hydrogen-methane-mixture, mixed gas explosion accidents have gradually attracted attention. To reduce the loss and influence caused by mixed gas explosion accidents, this study integrated research results at home and abroad through literature review. The experimental data and numerical simulation analysis results were comprehensively sorted out. The research progress at home and overseas on the influence of initial temperature, initial pressure, gas composition, test vessel and ignition conditions on the explosion limit and explosion pressure of mixed gas was discussed. The results show that the initial temperature and initial pressure have a significant effect on the explosion limit of the mixed gas, and the coupling effect of the two is greater. The upper and lower explosion limits of the mixed gas exhibit different sensitivities to the influencing factors, with the upper limit being more significantly affected. The maximum explosion pressure of the mixed gas generally appears when it is slightly higher than the theoretical stoichiometric concentration, and the influencing factors are complex and diverse. Among these factors, the maximum explosion pressure is greatly affected by the composition of the mixed gas. The addition of combustible gases such as hydrogen and ethylene will increase the explosion pressure of major gases such as methane. Numerical simulation technology can provide an important supplement and verification for the study of explosion limit and explosion pressure of mixed gas.

Research on risky driving behavior spectrum of tunnel entrance and exit based on trajectory data

LIU Xingliang, XU Jidong, LIU Tangzhi, WANG Xingjun, TAN Guoju

2025, 35(6): 88-97. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.0642

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To identify the primary types and distribution patterns of risky driving behaviors at the entrance and exit of the highway tunnel, a risk driving behavior spectrum was constructed based on trajectory data. Firstly, trajectory data were collected through continuous video surveillance of Liupan Mountain Tunnel in Ningxia. Vehicle traffic characteristics at tunnel entrance and exit were analyzed and four categories of risky driving behaviors were selected, including rapid speed change, serpentine driving, dangerous following, and dangerous lane changing. Then, the measurement of risk method was applied to quantify four types of risky driving behaviors, and quartile deviation and criteria importance though intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) were used to determine the threshold values of risky driving behavior characteristics and weights, and the characteristic values of drivers' risky driving behavior spectrum were calculated. Finally, driving behavior scores were compared with characteristic thresholds, and the spatial distribution of hazard points for typical risky behaviors of dangerous drivers was statistically analyzed. The results of the study show that high-risk drivers in the entrance/exit sections of the tunnel mainly show the behaviors of rapid speed change or serpentine driving, in which the rapid speed change behavior has the most significant effect on the total score of the risky behavioral spectrum of the drivers. Vehicles have large speed variations at both the inside the tunnel entrance and outside the exit from 0 to 50 meters. Moreover, larger speed changes are observed at the exit section (0-50 m) compared to the entrance section, and risk points for rapid speed change behavior of dangerous drivers are also more concentrated in that segment. The lateral offset values outside the tunnel entrance/exit are larger than those inside the tunnel, and the risk points for serpentine driving behavior of dangerous drivers are mainly distributed in the range of 0-50 meters outside the tunnel entrance and exit. Risky driving behavior spectrum based on trajectory data can assess and quantify the risk level of drivers in the tunnel entrance/exit sections, facilitating precise identification of high-risk drivers.

Research on risk classification of confined space operation in industrial and trade enterprises

LI Jishuo, XU Kaili, YAO Xiwen, LI Mengjia

2025, 35(6): 98-104. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.0541

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To enhance the identification and control of accident risks in confined space operations in industrial and commercial enterprises, a socially acceptable risk standard for such operation accidents was established, and a risk grading study based on F-N curve was conducted. First, historical data on significant and higher-level accidents in confined space operations from 2014 to 2021 were analyzed statistically in terms of fatalities, accident frequency, and the number of enterprises involved, in order to identify accident patterns. Then, considering accident frequency and fatality consequences, a socially acceptable risk standard was developed based on ALARP criteria, and F-N curve was plotted. Finally, a risk grading management model was established based on three risk zones-intolerable, acceptable, and negligible. The control measures were proposed from both enterprise and individual perspectives. The results show that for accidents with 3 to 10 fatalities, the frequency falls within the magnitude of 10^-6-10^-4. The F-N curve with a slope of -4.033 is used to divide three distinct risk levels, helping to clarify the boundaries of risk levels and highlight management priorities.

Risk assessment of deep foundation pits in subway stations based on variable fuzzy sets

CHEN Zi, QIU Huawan, LIU Jiayu, YANG Siyu, LI Zhiyong

2025, 35(6): 105-110. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.1019

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To accurately identify deep foundation pit collapse risk levels and improve construction safety, a risk assessment model was developed using variable fuzzy set theory. Sixteen influencing factors were screened from four categories: hydrogeology, support conditions, construction operations, and management monitoring. A risk index system was constructed based on these factors with clearly defined grade standards for risk classification. The multiplicative synthesis method was applied to optimally combine subjective weights derived from Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) and objective weights calculated via the entropy weight method, forming comprehensive weights that integrate expert judgment and data objectivity. Variable fuzzy set theory was then utilized to process sample data, generating comprehensive grade characteristic values to determine collapse risk levels. Engineering case results show that the evaluation outcomes of method align with actual construction conditions, confirming its scientific validity and effectiveness. Compared to existing approaches, it more accurately reflects risk status by addressing the fuzzy nature of risk boundaries in deep foundation pit projects. This study provides a scientific and practical framework for risk assessment, enhancing safety management in deep foundation pit construction and offering practical value for ensuring project safety and informed risk management decisions.

True triaxial experimental and constitutive model research of coal-rock combinations under mining disturbance

XU Shiqiang, ZHANG Zizheng, YU Weijian, BAI Jianbiao, DENG Min, LIU Shuaigang

2025, 35(6): 111-119. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.1589

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To deeply understand the true triaxial mechanical characteristics of coal-rock combinations under mining disturbance, the octahedral shear stress theory was adopted to systematically study the true triaxial mechanical characteristics and energy evolution mechanism of coal-rock combinations affected by the interface inclination angle during mining disturbance. Finally, based on Drucker-Prager criterion, a true triaxial damage constitutive model for coal-rock combinations considering the influence of the interface inclination angle was established. The results show that during the excavation disturbance stage, the axial strain of the coal-rock combination increases linearly with time. The energy is mainly converted into elastic energy, and the dissipative energy gradually increases as the strain increases. When the interface inclination angle exceeds 60°, the shear stress increases significantly, and the node of shear stress increase is postponed to the end of the excavation stage. During the mining stage, the energy of the specimen is mainly used for deformation and failure. When the interface inclination angle is less than 60°, the specimen undergoes two deformations before the shear stress reaches the strength limit. At the end of the mining disturbance, there are two sudden increase nodes in strain, and then the shear stress drops sharply, with the proportion of dissipative energy approaching 1. When the interface inclination angle is greater than 60°, the peak value of axial strain decreases, the sudden increase node of strain is postponed and is synchronized with the sudden drop node of shear stress, and the deformation and failure of the combination mainly depend on the rock mass part. After model verification, the goodness of fit is higher than 90%.

Analysis of topological characteristics and vulnerability of Chinese national highways based on complex network

JIANG Zhengrui, ZHENG Xiaojun, CHEN Wang, TONG Xiaoying

2025, 35(6): 120-127. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.0575

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In order to investigate the performance of the latest Chinese Planned Controlled Access Highway Network (CAH-NET), A modeling method in Space-P was proposed, a composite importance index for nodes was introduced, and a vulnerability analysis approach based on node failures guided by this index was presented in this study. Based on the data from the 2022 National Highway Network Planning, the CAH-NET model was constructed, and its static topological characteristics as well as network vulnerability under various attack strategies were analyzed. Results show that the current CAH-NET exhibits typical small-world and scale-free properties, with good overall accessibility. The top rankings for node degree, centrality, and composite importance are mostly occupied by cities in the eastern coastal areas or key central hub cities. The vulnerability of network is slightly affected by random attacks. About 90% of nodes t need to be attacked to completely destroy the CAH-NET. Among intentional attack strategies, the connectivity of network declines most quickly. When the proportion of nodes attacked through the betweenness centrality attack strategy reaches about 30%, the network totally collapses.

Assessment of operator task-handling complexity in nuclear power plant accident scenarios

JIANG Qike, WANG Yanxin, LI Pengcheng

2025, 35(6): 128-133. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.1386

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To rigorously assess the complexity of operator task execution under nuclear power plant accident scenarios, this study proposes an operator task-handling complexity (OTHC) evaluation model based on information entropy and image entropy. The model evaluates complexity from three dimensions: interface information complexity (IIC), task complexity (TC), and protocol complexity (PC). It establishes an evaluation system comprising eight complexity indicators, including interface layout, icons, text, and color. The entropy weighting method was employed to objectively assign weights, enabling quantitative evaluation of complexity using the model. To validate the model's effectiveness, a primary circuit small-break loss-of-coolant accident diagnosis task was used as a case study, for which a complexity network diagram is constructed, and the proposed model is applied to assess complexity. Subjective workload data are collected using the national aeronautics and space administration task load index (NASA-TLX) scale. The results show that the OTHC of the primary circuit is higher than that of the secondary circuit. The complexity assessed by the constructed model is highly positively correlated with subjective complexity, effectively reflecting the actual level of task processing complexity.

Urban emergency evacuation path planning considering multi-path combination

SONG Yinghua, JING Wenxia, LYU Wei, WANG Jinghui, ZHAO Menghan, LIN Haolan

2025, 35(6): 134-141. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.1661

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In order to alleviate the potential congestion problem caused by the sharp increase in evacuation demand on a single shortest path, the multi-path combined evacuation planning scheme considering congestion factors was studied by using Geographic Information System (GIS), Dijkstra algorithm and Yen algorithm. Firstly, the Dijkstra algorithm and the Yen algorithm were used to calculate k shortest evacuation paths from multiple starting points to multiple endpoints. Then, the k shortest paths in each path set are combined with each other to form different evacuation path combination schemes. Finally, the traffic flow of the overlapping sections in the combined route was diverted to reduce congestion, and the optimal combination scheme of evacuation paths was identified. The simulation results show that through calculation, the number of the shortest evacuation paths between each starting and ending point and the total number of evacuation path combination schemes can be obtained. Considering the impact of overlapping sections on evacuation is more in line with the actual situation and can form the optimal combination scheme of evacuation paths.

Research on influencing factors of rainstorm waterlogging resilience at rail transit stations based on complex network

MA Liqiang, ZHAO Ang, ZHENG Binbin

2025, 35(6): 142-147. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.0726

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To enhance the operational stability of urban rail transit stations during rainstorms and waterlogging for safe resident travel, a method for evaluating the importance of resilience influencing factors was proposed based on complex networks. Based on the definition and connotation of resilience, 23 influencing factors of rainstorm waterlogging resilience were extracted from four aspects of stability, robustness, resilience and adaptability. The complex network of influencing factors of resilience was constructed according to the influence relationship between influencing factors. The evaluation index system for the importance of these factors was established, including degree centrality (DC), closeness centrality (CC), betweenness centrality (BC), and clustering coefficient. The order relation analysis method(G1)-Coefficient of Variation (CV) combination weighting method was used to weight the index, and the VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR)method was used to identify the key influencing factors. The results show that risk monitoring and early warning system, mobile communication equipment, water retaining capacity of stations, maintenance and repair frequency of flood control equipment, emergency power supply equipment, professional level of flood control staff, drainage capacity of stations, and frequency of flood control training and drilling are the key factors influencing the resilience of urban rail transit stations. The research results can provide new ideas and targeted suggestions for the emergency waterlogging prevention strategies of urban rail transit stations in the rainstorm waterlogging scenario.

Research on equipment configuration of airport security screening channel considering safety and cost

ZHAO Zhenwu, PAN Yiying

2025, 35(6): 148-156. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.0787

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In order to optimize the airport security screening channel, the comparison of traditional security channel equipment configuration and new security channel equipment configuration, the cost of the two types of channels was analyzed under the requirements of saving security resources and security. The response value of security screening equipment was simulated by normal distribution, and the false alarm rate and false clear rate were controlled by equipment threshold. The binary decision tree model was used to characterize two types of error probability formulas. For the two types of channel equipment configuration, a nonlinear programming model was established to minimize the security screening cost with the probability of two types of errors as the constraint condition, and the Monte Carlo simulation algorithm was used to solve the problem. The results show that when the new channel is not sampled, the security screening cost of using the new channel can be saved by about 24% compared with the traditional method. When the new channel is sampled at the traditional channel ratio, the cost of using the new channel security screening can be saved by about 18% compared with the traditional one. When the average number of daily single-channel passengers N₁ is between 1 000 and 2 000, the traditional security screening channel equipment can be replaced by a new type of security screening channel equipment, as the per capita security cost is lower than that of the traditional channel. when N₁ is between 500 and 1000, considering the previous fixed cost input problem, the use of traditional channel equipment can be maintained.

Risk assessment method of urban UAVs falling onto ground transportation

LI Hang, HAN Feng, HU Xiaobing

2025, 35(6): 157-164. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.0906

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In order to comprehensively assess the risk of urban UAVs falling onto ground transportation, a systematic risk assessment method combining theoretical derivation and simulation experiments was proposed. Firstly, the urban air-ground traffic network structure was constructed. Considering the dynamics of UAVs and ground vehicles, as well as the traffic flow characteristics of the air-ground traffic network, theoretical derivation was used to determine the possible ground traffic risk interval. Secondly, Monte Carlo simulation was carried out to obtain the ground traffic risk value based on the statistical results of the test. Then, the theoretical analysis and simulation test analysis were combined to comprehensively evaluate the risk of UAVs falling to ground traffic. Finally, a simulation case study was carried out in Tianjin. The results show that the risk of UAVs falling on ground traffic is affected by several factors such as crash probability, ground traffic density, and the structure of the air road network. The statistical risk value of the simulation test is consistent with the theoretical analysis of the risk interval, which preliminarily verifies the reasonableness of the proposed method.

Multi-agent cooperation simulation for urban flood disaster emergency rescue

YANG Qian, WANG Feiyue, MA Bo, LU Jiajie, WANG Zihuan

2025, 35(6): 165-173. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.1163

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In order to improve the coordination performance of multi-agents in emergency rescue, the network relationship and internal correlation of four agents were sorted out for urban flood disaster events. Combined with the multi-agent theory, the multi-agent interaction and cooperation framework was built. The multi-agent cooperative simulation model for urban flood disaster emergency rescue was designed. The changes in the number of rescued victims, average rescue time and total rescue time under different disaster scenarios were studied. Results show that the extent of the disaster, the scope of search, the ability of the dominant rescuer and the number of main rescuer are important factors influencing the level of rescue collaboration. Enhancing the scope of search, improving the ability of the dominant rescuer and increasing the investment of the main rescuer contribute to the improvement of the synergistic capacity of disaster emergency response, and the proportion of those affected by disasters who are rescued rises. The robustness analysis shows that the scope of cooperation has a small effect on the number of rescued victims, and the scope of search has a significant effect on the number of rescued victims and the total rescue time. The sensitivity analysis shows that the ability of the dominant rescuer and the number of main rescuer both have a critical value. Once these the critical values are exceeded, the rescue effect will tend to be stabilized.

Virtual experiment study on route choice behavior under influence of smoke level

CUI Chengbo, LI Ruoyu, CHEN Juan, WANG Qiao, MA Jian

2025, 35(6): 174-180. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.0286

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To investigate the influence mechanisms of smoke environments on pedestrian's evacuation route choice behavior during fires and toxic gas leakages, and to overcome the research challenges posed by ethical constraints that make real-life human experiments difficult to conduct, in this paper, a virtual evacuation experiment platform was constructed. In order to study the influence of smoke level and route length on evacuees' route choice behavior, a single-player route choice experiment was designed and carried out under the influence of smoke, taking into account the pedestrian's speed difference under different smoke scenes in real life. Results indicate that both smoke level and route length have significant influence on evacuees' evacuation route choice behavior. The evacuees prefer to choose the route with lower smoke levels and shorter length. The results of the binary logistic regression model show that compared with the route length (Odds Ratio,OR=15.516), the smoke level (OR=45.475) has a greater influence on the route choice of evacuees. However, a small number of evacuees took a risk, that is, choosing a route with higher smoke levels for evacuation. The post-experiment questionnaire results demonstrated that participants could experience a reasonably authentic evacuation process in smoke-filled environments within the virtual reality scenarios, indicating high levels of validity and reliability for the study.

Invulnerability analysis of multi-layer metro network under cascading failure

NIU Luming, MA Zhuanglin, SHAO Yiheng, LIU Yue, WU Ke

2025, 35(6): 181-190. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.1222

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In order to investigate the impact differences of inter-layer and intra-layer passenger flow transfer proportions after stations failure on the invulnerability of the metro network, a multi-layer directed weighted metro network model was constructed, considering the train running time between stations, station dwell time, passenger transfer walking time, and waiting time. Station initial loads were determined by the actual passenger flow, and the station capacity was calculated using a nonlinear load-capacity model. Stations were sequentially targeted based on their relative importance. The maximum connected subgraph ratio and passenger travel efficiency ratio were selected as the metrics to measure the invulnerability of the metro network. An empirical analysis using the 2021 Xi'an metro network was conducted to study the effects of different inter-layer and intra-layer passenger flow transfer ratios and different capacity adjustment coefficients on the network's invulnerability. The results show that when the inter-layer passenger flow transfer ratio is 0.7, the impact on the invulnerability of the multi-layer metro network is minimal. When the capacity adjustment coefficients are set at b = 0.6 and c = 0.8, appropriately improving station service levels can enhance the network's invulnerability. As the number of attacked stations increases, the invulnerability of the metro network gradually decreases. Under the same attack conditions, the multi-layer directed weighted metro network demonstrates stronger invulnerability compared to the single-layer network, and the network's invulnerability is further reduced when cascading failures are considered.

Analysis of emergency organization collaboration and network evolution from perspective of disaster chain

LEI Ting, HUI Xiaojing

2025, 35(6): 191-199. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.1136

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To clarify the role of the emergency organization in breaking the disaster chain during the execution of emergency tasks and describe the evolution process of the collaborative network, taking the Shulan rainstorm in 2023 as an example, emergency task was regarded as the bridge connecting the disaster event and the emergency organization. The topological structure of the rainstorm disaster chain network and emergency organization network was analyzed. The effect of collaborative network was measured by taking the total amount of vulnerability reduction at the edges of the disaster network controlled by emergency organizations at each stage during the execution of tasks as the standard. The results indicate that disaster events caused by heavy rain exhibit high clustering effects, significant mutual influence, and short disaster paths. In the emergency organization network, most highly centralized organizations are government entities, which have strong capabilities to directly interact with other nodes. By contrast, organizations with low centrality, primarily enterprises and social organizations, tend to be more independent from other nodes. Each emergency organization can coordinate and control critical disaster events and disaster chains with greater vulnerability. In the stage of clearing and resettlement, the number of emergency tasks, disaster-response organizations, and broken chains is the highest, and the total amount of edge vulnerability reduction is also the greatest. By contrast, during the stages of emergency rescue, recovery and reconstruction, early warning and response phases, edge vulnerability reduction decreases sequentially.

Research on risk conduction chain of urban lifeline Natech event based on CN-SD

LI Shifeng, SHANG Yu

2025, 35(6): 200-208. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.1727

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The urban lifeline Natech event is a multi-risk and multi-subject coupling system. To qualitatively and quantitatively identify the risk conduction chain of urban lifeline Natech events, first, the risk conduction mechanism was analyzed. Urban lifeline Natech events have both natural disaster chains and domino effects. Then, the complexity and dynamic characteristics of the risk conduction chain were analyzed, and a CN-SD model for the risk conduction chain of the urban lifeline Natech event was constructed. Finally, using the text data of "Top Ten Natural Disasters in China" and their reports, CN indicators such as risk path, risk aggregation, and risk conduction were quantified, and SD indicators such as risk correlation and urban lifeline vulnerability were quantified to numerically simulate the risk conduction rate and degree of urban lifeline Natech event. The results show that the model can qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the risk conduction chain of urban lifeline Natech event, and can visualize the dynamic curves of the domino effect risk conduction rate and degree of technical accidents in transportation, electricity, communication, water supply under natural disaster chain scenarios.

Influence of roadway bifurcation angle and obstacles on evacuation efficiency of miners

SI Junhong, YU Yuejie, LI Lin, FAN Ruoting

2025, 35(6): 209-215. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.1174

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To improve the emergency evacuation ability of miners, simulation models of roadway bifurcation angles (45, 60, 90, 135, 180°) were constructed for horizontal roadway and inclined roadway, respectively. Based on social force theory, the changing characteristics and main forces of roadway bifurcation angles with evacuation time were analyzed, and a relationship model between roadway bifurcation angles and evacuation parameters was established. The orthogonal test was used to investigate the influence of the length, width and position of obstacles on the evacuation efficiency of miners. The results showed that the evacuation process of roadway could be divided into queue passage stage, competitive balance stage and social force effect stage, and the evacuation time decreased with the increase of roadway bifurcation angle, which followed with the cubic polynomial relationship. The optimum bifurcation angle was determined to be 135°. The order of the influence of obstacles on evacuation efficiency is the width of the obstacle> the length of the obstacle > the position of the obstacle, and the width of the obstacle has an exponential relationship with the evacuation time. Taking the roadway bifurcation angle, slope and obstacle width as the static influence coefficients, the calculation shows that under the optimal bifurcation angle, the equivalent length of the roadway is significantly affected by the obstacle width when the obstacle width is greater than 2 m.

Optimizing community emergency material reserves from business continuity perspective

HUANG Jing, TIAN Xiaoyue, LAI Xiaoying, LIU Gaofeng, WANG Huimin

2025, 35(6): 216-222. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.1321

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In order to optimize the community emergency supplies reserve, the concept of BCM was introduced to study the multi-objective optimization model of community emergency supplies reserve. Firstly, the key services and related emergency supplies after the disaster were identified, and the community emergency support capacity was quantified by constructing the post-disaster living standard change curve. Secondly, a multi-objective optimization model for material reserves with the maximum guarantee capacity and the minimum cost is proposed. Finally, the numerical examples were solved and the sensitivity analysis of the key parameters was carried out. The results indicate that as the minimum business continuity objective increases, the level of emergency material reserves increases, enhancing the community emergency support capacity. The reserves show a priority order, with lower-cost items being increased first. Under the same level of emergency material reserves, enhancing community emergency response and handling capabilities can improve the community emergency support capacity. Moreover, as the reserves of emergency materials in a community grow, the significance of these capacities in improving the emergency support capacity becomes increasingly pronounced. The emergency material reserve optimization model constructed from the perspective of business continuity can enable the community to provide basic living guarantees for residents after emergencies.

An optimization method of emergency evacuation signage layout considering pedestrian perceptual behavior

HE Weiming, LIU Shaobo, HE Jing, BI Shuting

2025, 35(6): 223-231. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.1098

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In order to solve the problem of low guidance efficiency of emergency evacuation signs, a layout optimization method of emergency evacuation signs considering pedestrian perceptual behavior was proposed. Firstly, the recognizable range and probability distribution of the signs were investigated to establish a model of pedestrians' perceptual behavior towards the signs; secondly, a layout optimization model was constructed considering the number, location and orientation of the signs by combining it with the distribution of the guidance demand in the multi-exit space; finally, a case study of a cruise ship was used, where a genetic algorithm is applied to solve the problem. The evacuation efficiency, both before and after the optimization of the signage layout, was evaluated through microscopic crowd evacuation simulation, respectively. The results show that the average evacuation time under the optimized layout is 10.3% shorter than that under the unoptimized layout when the pedestrians are randomly distributed at the initial position; the average evacuation time is 4.2% shorter under the scenario simulating the actual evacuation process, and the number of pedestrians guided to different destinations is more balanced.

Research on human heat stress evaluation indexes based on EWM-VIKOR model

YOU Bo, WANG Siqi, LIU Heqing, LUO Xiao, YANG Ming, GAO Ke

2025, 35(6): 232-239. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.1171

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The human body is susceptible to heat diseases when exposed to high temperature and high humidity for a long period of time. In order to assess the level of human heat stress in indoor high temperature and high humidity environments, the paper utilized the EWM to determine the weights of measurement parameters such as Mean Skin Temperature (MST), Heart Rate (HR), Oral Temperature (OT) and Tympanic Temperature (TT). A new comprehensive evaluation index QI was established based on VIKOR model. The reasonableness of QI was validated by fitting with the subjective parameters and the environmental parameters. The grading of QI was determined by improving the thermal stress intensity grading of the physiological stress indicator PHSI. The results show that the weight ranges of TT, MST, OT and HR are 0.151 9-0.421 1, 0.193 5-0.345 2, 0.160 4-0.426 9 and 0.134 8-0.339 1, respectively. MST has a high mean value of weight, which is greatly affected by environmental factors and labor factors. QI's safety range [0,0.36), thermal tolerance range [0.36,0.57] and hazardous range (0.57,1].

Knowledge map analysis of occupational hazards and associated health risks in building decoration

YANG Xiaoyi, SUN Tianyu, KE Wei, XU Wenqiang, ZHOU Buzhuang, TONG Ruipeng

2025, 35(6): 240-246. doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.06.1609

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In order to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research and knowledge evolution in the field of occupational hazard factors and health risks associated with building decoration, a systematic review of the relevant literature was conducted using the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database and the Web of Science (WoS) core database. Visualisation tools were employed to make knowledge maps of the spatial and temporal distribution, research hotspots and research frontiers of the identified literature. The results show the number of published articles in both Chinese and English increased significantly since 2003. The relevant research is influenced by economic conditions, the real estate market, and the level of emphasis placed on health by both national and international communities. The extant literature can be broadly classified into three categories: workplace environment, occupational hazard factors and health risks. Studies have been conducted throughout the entire period pertaining to indoor air pollution, indoor air quality, detrimental factors and formaldehyde. The research field continues to yield new insights and deepen its understanding. However, there remain areas that require further investigation with regard to the occupational health of workers. In the future, the studies could focus on the occupational health problems caused by different types of decoration, with a particular emphasis on the pollution characteristics of new pollutants and the occupational health risks and protection of workers.

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