气凝胶灭火剂防控锂电池热失控效能研究

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.0757

中国安全科学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (5): 153-160.doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.05.0757

气凝胶灭火剂防控锂电池热失控效能研究

何路¹(), 付江锋¹, 孙蓉², 朱国庆¹, 程庆迎¹, 郭峰¹^,^**()

¹ 中国矿业大学安全工程学院,江苏徐州 221116
² 国网江苏省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,江苏南京 211103

收稿日期:2025-01-15 修回日期:2025-03-21 出版日期:2025-05-28
通信作者:
^** 郭峰(1990—),男,河北涿州人,工学博士,特聘研究员,主要从事燃烧学、火灾科学及消防工程方面的研究。E-mail: cumt-guofeng@hotmail.com。
作者简介:
何路 (1991—),男,安徽铜陵人,工学博士,副教授,主要从事城市地下工程火灾防控及新型灭火药剂等方面的研究。E-mail:6218@cumt.edu.cn。
何路, 副教授
孙蓉, 高级工程师
朱国庆, 教授
程庆迎, 副教授
郭峰, 特聘研究员
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3009900); 国家消防救援局2023年科技项目(2023XFCX16); 江苏省科技计划项目(BE2023688); “双一流”建设提升自主创新能力项目(2022ZZCX05K05)

Research on effectiveness of aerogel fire extinguishing agents in preventing thermal runaway of lithium batteries

HE Lu¹(), FU Jiangfeng¹, SUN Rong², ZHU Guoqing¹, CHENG Qingying¹, GUO Feng¹^,^**()

¹ School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116, China
² Electric Power Research Institute, State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company, Nanjing Jiangsu 211103, China

Received:2025-01-15 Revised:2025-03-21 Published:2025-05-28

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 针对气凝胶灭火剂在锂离子电池热失控防控中的效能评价问题,选取三元铝壳单体锂电池和18650电池模组为试验对象,采用不同灭火处置方式系统开展灭火剂效能对比试验,并与水的灭火效能进行对比。结果表明:气凝胶灭火剂对不同数量三元铝壳单体锂电池和18650电池模组均表现出比水更优异的灭火性能和降温效果;对于4块三元铝壳单体锂电池,使用水灭火后电池温度回升至492 ℃;而气凝胶灭火剂的灭火速度为水的4.5倍,并能有效防止电池的复燃;对于8块三元铝壳单体锂电池以及2个18650电池模组,气凝胶灭火剂仍展现出良好的灭火效果,灭火时间短,降温效果显著,无复燃。采用大流量持续喷射气凝胶灭火剂灭火、大流量喷射灭火后小流量降温以及容器内喷射并淹没等不同的灭火策略,具有不同的灭火效果。气凝胶灭火剂不仅能快速扑灭初期电池火灾,而且其预热发泡机制和良好的泡沫稳定性,可有效降低电池温度和防止可燃气体与空气的进一步混合。

关键词: 锂电池, 灭火效能, 热失控, 气凝胶灭火剂, 灭火处置

Abstract:

In order to evaluate the effectiveness of aerogel fire suppressants in preventing and controlling thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries, this study selected aluminum-shell ternary lithium-ion battery cells and 18650 battery modules as experimental subjects. By employing differentiated fire suppression approaches (including application methods and operational parameters), comparative experiments on extinguishing efficacy were conducted in a systematic manner, with parallel comparisons to water-based fire suppression systems. The results show that the aerogel extinguishing agent has better fire extinguishing performance and cooling effect than water for different quantities of ternary aluminum-shell single lithium batteries and 18650 battery modules. For four ternary aluminum shell single lithium batteries, using water to extinguish fire will cause the battery temperature to rise to 492 ℃, which cannot quickly and effectively reduce battery temperature. The extinguishing speed of an aerogel extinguishing agent is 4.5 times that of water, and it can effectively prevent the battery from reburning. For 8 ternary aluminum shell single lithium batteries and two 18650 battery modules, the aerogel extinguishing agent still shows a good fire extinguishing effect, short fire extinguishing time, significant cooling effect and no reburning. Use of the aerogel extinguishing agent and fire extinguishing strategies of continuous spraying with large flow, small flow cooling after large flow spraying and spraying and flooding in containers have different fire extinguishing effects. Results show that the aerogel extinguishing agent can not only effectively extinguish initial battery fire, but also its preheating foaming mechanism and good foam stability can effectively reduce battery temperature and prevent further mixing of combustible gas and air.

Key words: lithium battery, fire extinguishing efficiency, thermal runaway, aerogel extinguishing agent, fire-fighting disposal

中图分类号:

X932爆炸安全与防火、防爆

何路, 付江锋, 孙蓉, 朱国庆, 程庆迎, 郭峰. 气凝胶灭火剂防控锂电池热失控效能研究[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2025, 35(5): 153-160.

HE Lu, FU Jiangfeng, SUN Rong, ZHU Guoqing, CHENG Qingying, GUO Feng. Research on effectiveness of aerogel fire extinguishing agents in preventing thermal runaway of lithium batteries[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025, 35(5): 153-160.

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气凝胶灭火剂防控锂电池热失控效能研究

Research on effectiveness of aerogel fire extinguishing agents in preventing thermal runaway of lithium batteries

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工况	电池类型	电池数量/个	汽油用量/mL	支架高度/cm	油池长×宽×高/ (cm×cm×cm)	灭火剂类型
1	三元铝壳单体锂电池	4	500	20	30×30×5	水
2	三元铝壳单体锂电池	4	500	20	30×30×5	气凝胶
3	三元铝壳单体锂电池	8	1 000	20	60×30×5	气凝胶
4	18650电池模组	2	800	20	30×30×5	气凝胶
5	三元铝壳单体锂电池	4	500	3	60×30×20	气凝胶

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