煤矿瓦斯多相协同抑爆的研究进展与展望

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.S1.0016

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为深入研究各种煤矿瓦斯抑爆剂的抑爆过程、参数变化以及实际应用,分析国内外研究瓦斯抑爆剂的种类、作用机制和研究方法。结果表明:目前抑爆剂的种类主要有惰性气体、细水雾、粉体、多孔介质、卤代烃5种。作用机制包括稀释反应物浓度、抑爆剂分解吸热、吸附自由基、吸波减振等物理作用和消耗H·、HO·等关键自由基的化学作用。N₂-细水雾协同抑制火焰传播比CO₂-细水雾协同抑制效果更好,但从超压峰值与压力时程角度来看,CO₂的抑爆效果要优于同等条件下N₂的抑爆效果。数值模拟可以在试验的基础上,展示抑爆在真实煤矿环境下的发展过程,使抑爆过程中湍流扰动与各自由基数量变化更详细具体,在开发瓦斯抑爆剂方面,可从抑制H·、HO·等活性自由基生成的基元反应入手,降低其含量,延缓瓦斯爆炸进程,达到抑爆目的。

关键词: 煤矿瓦斯, 数值模拟, 协同抑爆, 活性自由基, 惰性气体

Abstract:

In order to deeply study the explosion suppression process, parameter change, and practical application of various kinds of coal mine gas explosion suppressants, the types, action mechanism, and research methods of gas explosion suppressants in China and abroad were analyzed, and it is concluded that there are five kinds of explosion suppressants: inert gas, water mist, powder, porous medium, and halogenated hydrocarbon. The mechanism includes physical effects such as dilution of reactant concentration, decomposition and heat absorption of explosion suppressant, absorption of free radicals, and wave absorption and vibration reduction, as well as chemical effects such as consumption of key free radicals including hydrogen radical and hydroxyl radical. The synergistic suppression effect of N₂-water mist on flame propagation is better than that of CO₂-water mist, but the explosion suppression effect of CO₂is better than that of N₂ under the same conditions in terms of overpressure peak and pressure time history. On the basis of experiments, numerical simulation can show the development process of explosion suppression in real coal mine environments and make the turbulent disturbance and the quantity change of each free radical in the process of explosion suppression more detailed and specific. Finally, in the development of gas explosion suppressants, it is necessary to start with the elementary reaction of active free radicals such as hydrogen radical and hydroxyl radical, reduce its content, and delay the gas explosion process, so as to achieve the purpose of explosion suppression.

Key words: coal mine gas, numerical simulation, synergistic explosion suppression, active free radical, inert gases

张莉聪, 李斯曼, 周振兴. 煤矿瓦斯多相协同抑爆的研究进展与展望[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2023, 33(S1): 97-104.

ZHANG Licong, LI Siman, ZHOU Zhenxing. Research progress and prospect of multi-phase synergistic explosion suppression of coal mine gas[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2023, 33(S1): 97-104.

图/表 5

表1

表2

表3

细水雾分级标准

级数	标准
Ⅰ级细水雾	$D V 0.1$ =100 μm(水雾积累容积为10%时,最大雾滴尺寸≤100 μm)
Ⅰ级细水雾	$D V 0.9$ =200 μm(水雾积累容积为90%时,最大雾滴尺寸≤200 μm)
Ⅱ级细水雾	$D V 0.1$ =200 μm(水雾积累容积为10%时,最大雾滴尺寸≤200 μm)
Ⅱ级细水雾	$D V 0.9$ =400 μm(水雾积累容积为90%时,最大雾滴尺寸≤400 μm)
Ⅲ级细水雾	$D V 0.1$ ≥400 μm(水雾积累容积为10%时,最大雾滴尺寸≥400 μm)
Ⅲ级细水雾	$D V 0.99$ ≤1 000 μm(水雾积累容积为99%时,最大雾滴尺寸≤1 000 μm)

表3

表4

图1

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抑爆剂种类	文献研究的抑爆剂
惰性气体^{[3,7⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-13]}	CO₂、N₂、Ar、He、水蒸气
细水雾^[14-15]	4、5、8、45、60、80、160、190 μm
粉体^{[4,16⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-26]}	花状镁铝水滑石、改性蒙脱土、改性高岭土、聚多巴胺、草酸盐、煤灰、改性粉煤灰、CaCO₃、Si₂O、尿素、聚磷酸铵
多孔介质^{[5,27⇓⇓⇓⇓-32]}	聚丙烯、新型三维网状多孔材料TFEP、植酸和三聚氰胺、丝瓜络、泡沫铝
卤代烃^[33-34]	七氟丙烷

抑爆剂种类	优点	缺点
惰性气体	高效、清洁,不会损坏井下设备	本身具有窒息性,对人体有害
细水雾	具有优异的吸热及衰减热辐射能力,容易制备	无法在短时间内大量生成
粉体	易于储存,方便运输	难于清理,易损害井下设备,易在井下环境中结块
多孔介质	对活性自由基有良好的吸附性能	孔隙度低的多孔材料具有促爆性质
卤代烃	抑爆阻燃效率更高	有一定的毒性,且会破坏臭氧层,生产成本昂贵

协同抑爆种类	协同抑爆剂具体划分	结论
惰性气体-多孔介质	CO₂-铁镍泡沫金属^[38]	抑爆失效时,在多孔介质存在的情况下,CO₂喷射压力增大会促进火焰传播
	CO₂-海泡石^[39]	CO₂与海泡石均在化学与物理方面缓解了甲烷爆炸链反应速度
	N₂-聚磷酸铵^[40]	N₂稀释氧浓度,聚磷酸铵受热分解后的氨气不仅具有稀释性能,且能与活性自由基结合
惰性气体-细水雾	N₂-细水雾、CO₂-细水雾^[6]	细水雾与N₂存在正协同灭火效应,细水雾与CO₂协同灭火效应不明显,在抑制火焰传播方面,N₂-细水雾的灭火效果优于CO₂-细水雾
惰性气体-卤代烃	CO₂-CF₃I^[41]	CF₃I的抑爆效果优于CO₂,且对甲烷爆炸极限有显著影响
惰性气体-卤代烃	CO₂-C₆F₁₂O^[42]	高压喷射CO₂,气流速度变大,使全氟己酮汽化加快,从而吸收大量热量
惰性气体-粉体	CO₂-钙化蒙脱石粉体^[43]	得出结合实际应用条件下最佳钙化蒙脱石粉末的粒径范围:61~72 μm
惰性气体-粉体	CO₂-KHCO₃冷气溶胶、 N₂-KHCO₃冷气溶胶^[44]	CO₂、N₂可作为冷气溶胶抑爆剂的驱动气体,CO₂有物理抑制作用和一定的化学抑制作用,所以CO₂-KHCO₃冷气溶胶抑爆性能更好
粉体-细水雾	含钾化合物水雾、含钠化合物水雾^{[45⇓⇓-48]}	含钾化合物水雾比含钠化合物水雾的抑爆性能好,原因在于钾原子的活泼性比钠原子更强,更易于化学反应
多种协同抑爆	七氟丙烷/CO₂-超细水雾^[49]	试验与大涡模拟均证实,从压力变化、火焰结构、温度等角度来看,七氟丙烷/CO₂协同超细水雾的抑爆效果优于单种抑爆剂的抑爆效果
多种协同抑爆	CO₂-含钾盐添加剂的双流体细水雾^[50]	抑制效果随喷雾时间的延长而增强,峰值超压和火焰速度明显下降,火焰亮度降低甚至消失