区块链技术在应急管理中的应用:热点、挑战与展望

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.05.1377

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为有效厘清区块链技术在应急管理中的研究现状,采用系统文献综述(SLR)与系统评价和元分析的首选报告项目审查方法,综合分析从Web of Science和中国知网期刊数据库中确定的与主题相关的58项研究;总结区块链技术在应急管理中应用所面临的挑战,并从健全法律和制度体系、加速推进区块链核心技术突破、加强专业化人才队伍建设、实现区块链与其他技术的集成与协同4个方面,展望学术界未来关注的潜在主题。结果表明:区块链技术在应急管理中的应用处于初期的蓬勃发展阶段。当前研究主要围绕数据管理(40.3%),效率提升(40.3%)和概念发展(19.4%)3类主题开展,这3个主题可细化为8个次主题。区块链技术在应急管理中的应用呈现出:技术功能改进的需求,应急数据高效管理的需求,应急数据安全性、完整性和数据共享效率的需求。

关键词: 区块链技术, 应急管理, 系统文献综述(SLR ), 数据管理, 数据共享

Abstract:

To effectively clarify the research status of blockchain technology in the field of emergency management, by applying the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses review method, a SLR identified 58 topic-related studies from the Web of Science and China National Knowledge Internet journal database. This paper summarized the challenges faced by the application of blockchain technology in emergency management and suggestions for application of blockchain in emergency management were proposed, including perfecting policies and regulations on application of blockchain, fueling development of key blockchain technology, strengthening construction of professional talent team and enhancing coordination of blockchain and other technologies, etc. The results show that the application of blockchain in emergency management is in its early booming stage of development. Based on these 58 studies, three main themes were developed: data management (40.3%), efficiency improvement (40.3%) and concept development (19.4%). These 3 themes can be further subdivided into 8 sub-themes. It presents the need for improving technical functionality, efficient management of emergency data and data security, integrity and data sharing efficiency.

Key words: blockchain, emergency management, systematic literature review(SLR), data management, data sharing

范中启, 戴琳. 区块链技术在应急管理中的应用:热点、挑战与展望[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2023, 33(5): 182-190.

FAN Zhongqi, DAI Lin. Application of blockchain technology in emergency management: hotspots, challenges and prospects[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2023, 33(5): 182-190.

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技术改进次主题的应用

技术改进	简述	参考文献
开发新的算法	基于区块链的可信数据追踪系统的算法用于验证不同来源的数据,以减轻伪造或修改数据的传播	MARBOUH 等^[10],2020
完善基于区块链的框架	基于地理定位和应急服务人员公共身份的身份符号加密方案,以保障危机情况时的通信安全	RIVERO- GARCIA 等^[11],2019
	采用基于排队的优先权分配方法,以优化管理来自不同实体的接收交易,根据交易的紧迫性和安全级别,分配不同的优先级,更新区块链的配置	ABDELLATIF 等^[24],2021
	基于优先级的区块链共享架构,能够灵活配置以优化不同实体间的数据共享	ABDELLATIF 等^[15],2020
提高已开发系统和架构的性能	利用D2D特设移动网络、分布式账本技术和全对全广播路由算法,为新型的无基础设施应急通信系统奠定了理论基础,并对其性能进行了实证检验,可大大缩短灾后搜索和救援行动的时间	ILBEIGI等 ^[16],2022
提高已开发系统和架构的性能	区块链支持的空中-地面协作网络框架,用于灾难下的安全数据传输。基于信用的委托权益证明的共识协议,可以提高共识效率,促进无人机的诚实行为	WANG Yantao 等^[13],2021
解决有效部署区块链架构中可能存在的问题	为克服传统Hyperledger Fabric框架不能识别Chaincode中的用户等缺陷,提出区块链Chaincode使用认证密钥,根据每个节点的角色分类授予不同的权限,以提高安全性	KIM等^[20], 2021
	为避免Fabric原有共识机制缺点,采用Hyperledger Fabric共识机制的医疗物资管理网络安全调度方案,用动态随机方法确定认可节点的身份,以加强节点的安全性和隐私性,降低节点被攻击的可能性,提高医疗物资配送网络平台的安全性、运行速度和交易延迟	ZHAO Yan^[17], 2022
	为减少节点构建和哈希值计算的时间复杂性,修改二进制Merkle树数据结构,以确保存储信息的一致性、可用性和完整性	CHELLA DURAI 等^[25],2021
	多层次的区块链结构,以提高可扩展性,在去中心化和分布式存储的支持下提供更快的认证服务	AKHTER 等^[26],2021

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类别	2019年	2020年	2021年	2022年
英文出版物	3	11	18	6
英文出版物被引频次	2	116	505	103
中文出版物	0	8	12	0
中文出版物被引频次	0	192	45	0

应用	潜在的影响	参考文献
紧急访问控制管理系统	保障个人健康数据安全,保证了时间效率、隐私、可及性和细粒度的访问控制管理	RAJPUT 等^[4],2019
人工智能辅助基于区块链的电子病历管理系统	使用光学字符识别等人工智能技术处理医疗记录,形成单一的病人病史报告并安全地存储在区块链网络上。保障病人隐私和安全标准,为可信的同行授权并给予访问权限	CHAMOLA 等^[8],2022
完全去中心化基于区块链的多方同意管理系统;基于智能合约的多方授权和阈值加密方案	以安全和可信的方式分享和授予对加密医疗文件的访问,保持完整的行动可追溯性,授权受信任的实体在紧急情况下代表患者作出访问许可决定;区块链技术实现多方授权和门槛加密,让患者安全地分享和授予对其医疗文件的访问权	MADINE 等^[9],2020

应用	潜在的影响	参考文献
基于区块链的应急替代通信系统	支持重大事件风险水平的监测,改善应急服务的协调,保证通信的保密性、真实性和完整性	RIVERO- GARCIA 等^[11],2019
基于危机管理和社交媒体分析的事件检测系统	提高系统的安全性和透明度,以避免在社交媒体上分享与事件有关的错误信息	SHAHBAZI 等^[12],2022
轻量级的区块链支持的空中-地面协作网络框架	安全和高效的数据传输	WANG Yantao 等^[13],2021

应用	潜在的影响	参考文献
基于区块链的个人同意系统;以病人为中心的个人健康记录管理平台	实现信息管理的透明度和可靠性;整合分散在多家医院的个人医疗信息;允许患者在日常和紧急情况下自由使用其健康记录并根据记录获得个性化的医疗服务和治疗	KIM 等^[20],2021
基于区块链的可信数据追踪系统	减轻伪造或修改数据的传播;促进信任、透明度、可追溯性,简化网络中利益相关者之间的沟通	MARBOUH 等^[10],2020
区块链技术在发展有韧性的食品供应链中的应用	通过实时监测和分享信息以提高组织的可追溯性、灵活性、复原力和整体效率	SHARMA 等^[21],2021

应用	潜在的影响	参考文献
区块链支持的应急物流共享框架	促进商业组织的参与和物流资源在应急行动中的共享;改善急需救援物品的动员和部署并增强应急响应的灵活性	L'HERMITTE 等^[18],2020
基于区块链的医疗应急物资调度平台	实现信息的实时共享和有效可信赖的相互合作,建立低成本、高效率的医疗物资供应体系,提高物资调度的效率	ZHAO Yan^[17], 2022
基于区块链的煤矿应急信息联动模式	实现了动态共享、智能响应等功能,提升了煤矿应急管理的现代化水平	罗盛楠^[22], 2021