Table of Content

28 March 2023, Volume 33 Issue 3

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Safety science theory and safety system science Safety social science and safety management Safety engineering technology Public safety Emergency technology and management Occupational health

Safety science theory and safety system science

Negative systematology construction research

WU Chao

2023, 33(3):  1-10.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.0738

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In order to unify the theoretical achievements of various disaster studies and based on the general fact that all kinds of catastrophes have negative and systematic features, this paper proposed to establish an integrated subject which was named as negative systematology and use it to unify the theories of all kinds of catastrophes. Then, definition and connotation of the negative system as well as the negative systematology were given. The conceptual model and series concepts as well as their definitions of negative systematology were established. The main research contents and methods of negative systematology were expounded. The branches and significance of negative systematology were looked forward to. The results show that negative systematology can become the basic discipline of safety & security and global sustainable safety & security. Negative systematology can promote various catastrophe theories to learn from each other and quickly develop together. Catastrophe research by negative systematology is more professional than that of systematology. Also, in research practice, negative systematology is easier to combine with reality than safety systematology.

Theoretical model and dynamic characteristics of mesoscopic wetting behavior of single droplet

HUANG Minhua, WANG Haiqiao, HAO Xiaoli, LIU Dong, ZHAO Yu, CHEN Shiqiang

2023, 33(3):  11-18.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.0267

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In order to investigate the spreading characteristics of droplets on the solid substrate from the mesoscopic scale, based on the lattice Boltzmann method(LBM), a two-dimensional dynamic wetting model of a single droplet was established in the D2Q9 physical model by discrete velocity and force. Using the above theoretical model, combined with the analytical solution, the accuracy of the model was verified. The dimensionless parameter Bond number was further introduced to characterize the influence of the relative size of gravity and surface tension on the wetting profile of droplets, and the influence of gas-liquid interface parameters and wall properties on contact angle and spreading coefficient was quantitatively analyzed. The results show that the final contact angle and spreading coefficient are determined by the inherent wetting properties and surface force of the solid substrate. The mutual conversion of potential energy and surface energy is the key to realize dynamic wetting of droplets. When the characteristic radius of droplet is not more than 25 at mesoscopic scale, the larger the droplet is, the smaller the final contact angle is, and the larger the spreading coefficient is. Once the critical value of the interval is exceeded, the final contact angle and spreading coefficient will tend to be fixed. The larger the solid base surface properties, the stronger the hydrophilicity, the smaller the final contact angle, and the easier the droplets spread. The greater the absolute value of the gas-liquid interface property, the smaller the surface tension, the greater the spreading coefficient, and the better the wetting effect.

Safety social science and safety management

Work safety management mode in Safety 4.0 era

XIE Kefan, LIANG Benbu, LIU Jia, LIU Sishi

2023, 33(3):  19-26.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.1781

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In order to enrich the ideas and methodology of the work safety theory, theoretical research on WSM 4.0 mode was conducted from the perspective of the industrial revolution history view and the work safety practice view. By summarizing the connotation and characteristics of WSM 1.0 to 3.0 era stages, the framework practical models, including the modified diamond model of safety objectives and the safety system pillar model were developed. Then, a "triple helix" development model was established. The results show that with the new security architecture, WSM 4.0 has the characteristics of effectiveness of management objectives, the coupling resilience of risk strategies, the integration of technology and equipment, and the proactive and safety & security integration of management concepts. The safety goal is expanded into a four-dimensional system of health, safety, environment and value. The safety system includes safety regulations, safety technology, safety culture, safety literacy and safety resilience. The WSM 4.0 is the evolvement trend of production practice, technology application and safety theory.

Research and practice on construction of double prevention mechanism in large enterprises:taking COFCO Corporation as an example

CHEN Zhigang, YAN Li, WANG Haojie, REN Yanqing

2023, 33(3):  27-34.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.1402

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In order to solve the problem of multi-level safety management and layer-by-layer attenuation in large enterprises, improve the efficiency of safety management, and effectively curb the occurrence of various production safety accidents, combined with the characteristics of production and operation of COFCO Corporation and the reality of safety management, according to the general principles of headquarters coordination, professional company responsibility and grass-roots enterprise landing, this paper explored the basic framework and main tasks of the construction of dual prevention mechanism in large enterprises, put forward the classification standards of safety risks and hidden dangers, and established the safety risk control outline of industral chain as the core. Based on the whole chain, whole process, whole staff and all-round, "four-wide" risk classification control and hidden danger investigation and management mechanism was also founded. The results show that "four wide" dual prevention mechanism can accurately understand the base of safty risks of large enterprises, systematically implement safety risks control measures and dynamically and continuously improve them, and ensure that safety risks are always controllable.

Intelligent and risk early warning of personnel at gas transmission station using"intention + trajectory"

LI Weijun, GAO Peng, WANG Yu

2023, 33(3):  35-41.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.0645

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In order to prevent accidents caused by irrelevant personnel entering the operation area of gas transmission station, the early prediction of personnel location was necessary. Therefore, a method integrating personnel moving intention and trajectory was proposed and the intelligent risk warning model of personnel at gas transmission station using"intention + trajectory"based on machine vision was built. With the personnel walking images collected, features of personnel head were extracted through the Histogram of Oriented Gradient(HOG). Then the Support Vector Machine(SVM) classifier was used to classify and recognize the head direction. Thus the intention of moving direction (normal straight ahead, straight ahead under observation, and intent to turn) was preliminarily predicted based on the head direction. The situation where people intend to turn was tracked continuously and the Kalman filtering algorithm was used to predict moving trajectory. Therefore, different risk scenarios were predicted and layered early warning was achieved. The research results show that the accuracy rate of moving intention identification is 90.79%, and the correlation coefficients between the predicted curves and actual trajectory ones are r₁=0.994 84, r₂=0.993 43. It indicates that the predicted curves and actual trajectory ones are highly correlated and the accuracy of prediction is high. The method can achieve accurate early warning of the intrusion of irrelevant personnel at the gas transmission stations.

Evolutionary simulation of governments' pandemic control strategies in presence of infection probability

LI Xiaoli, CAO Cejun, LIU Weihua, ZHANG Fanshun

2023, 33(3):  42-50.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.0835

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In order to effectively curb the rapid spread of major public health emergencies, taking COVID-19 as an example, firstly, a government-public evolutionary game model considering the probability of infection was constructed to depict the game relationship between the government and the public. Then, the key factors affecting the evolution of the government and public behavior were analyzed through the model solution. Finally, MATLAB simulation analysis was carried out based on the actual situation of the evolution of the epidemic in Wuhan to verify the validity and feasibility of the model and conclusions. Results indicate that infection probability plays an indispensable role in the selection of strategies of the government and the public. When the probability of infection is small, and the cost of government is greater than the benefit, the system eventually evolves into a stable state in which the government responds passively and the public does not exercise self-discipline. When the infection probability reaches a fixed value and the revenue of the government is less than cost, the increase of punishment on the public would slow down the response time of government and the public. However, in terms of the same situation, the increase of punishment on the government is useful to upgrade their response efficiency. In addition, it is conducive to enhancing the probability of the selection of self-discipline strategies for the public, which can promote the development of the epidemic in a better direction.

Safety engineering technology

Analysis of causes of mechanical injury accidents in manufacturing enterprises based on HFACS model

LIU Quanlong, PENG Yumeng, ZHAO Pan, WANG Jingzhi

2023, 33(3):  51-59.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.1128

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In order to explore part of the causes of mechanical injury accidents in manufacturing enterprises located in China, 206 reports of mechanical injury accidents were selected as samples in this research. Based on the HFACS model, SPSS software was used to analyze the frequency and correlation of sample data, and the weight of causative factors was calculated in Super Decisions software. In each level of the HFACS model, the factors with the highest frequency were organizational atmosphere, inadequate supervision, bad psychological state and accidental violation. The correlation intensity among the factors lied between 1.994 and 5.407. The largest causal path of the sum of the correlation intensity of mechanical injury accidents in manufacturing enterprises was organizational atmosphere - inadequate supervision - bad psychological state - accidental violation. The premise weight value of unsafe behavior was 0.330 1, which was the key level with the highest weight, and the improper weight of planned tasks in the unsafe supervision level was 0.150 1, which was the key factor with the highest weight. Therefore, strategies to prevent mechanical injury accidents were proposed. The research results have shown that: the occurrence of mechanical injury accidents is the result of the interaction of various causative factors. To reduce mechanical injury accidents in manufacturing enterprises, it is necessary to block the causative path of accidents and strengthen the management and control of key levels and key factors.

Causal chain of maritime accidents in Yangtze River Estuary considering coupling effects of multi-risk factors

FU Shanshan, ZHANG Yue, XI Yongtao, WENG Jinxian

2023, 33(3):  60-67.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.1367

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In order to explore the causes of maritime accidents in the Yangtze River Estuary waters, a ship traffic accident analysis method considering the coupling effect of multiple factors was proposed. Firstly, this paper conducted an in-depth analysis of multi-source maritime accident investigation reports and related literatures based on text mining technolog. A set of factors that induced maritime accidents in the Yangtze River Estuary waters was constructed from the environment, ship, human and organizational aspects. Then, the chi-square test was used to analyze the coupling relationship between these risk factors. A BN model of maritime accidents in the Yangtze River Estuary waters was constructed under the action of multi-factor coupling. Finally, the prevention and control countermeasures for ship traffic accidents in the Yangtze River Estuary waters were proposed by performing a sensitivity analysis on the model. The results show that: there are eight causal chains that induce ship traffic accidents in the Yangtze River Estuary waters, and wind, improper cargo stowage, ship type, unsafe speed, negligence of lookout, failure to fully estimate the danger, failure to perform the duty of giving way and failure of control equipment are the eight mutual risk factors that induce ship traffic accidents in the Yangtze River Estuary waters.

Study on influence of parallel foundation pit construction on adjacent bridge and protection measures

ZHANG Zhongyu, LI Zhaoping, YANG Hang, LONG Qifeng, FENG Chao

2023, 33(3):  68-74.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.0685

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Taking the parallel foundation pit of pedestrian passage and bus passage attached to Qinghe railway station of high-speed railway passing through G7 high-speed Qinghe bridge as an example, the influence of parallel foundation pit excavation on adjacent bridges and the protection measures were studied. Firstly, considering the spatial effect of parallel foundation pit excavation, a finite element numerical model was established to analyze the superimposition effect of foundation pit excavation on adjacent bridge pile foundation. The calculation results show that the absolute settlement, differential settlement and inclination of the bridge piers all exceed the control values due to the superposition effect of the bridge pile disturbance caused by the excavation of the foundation pit. Combined with numerical simulation results and the similar engineering construction experience, a protective measure of using bored piles as isolation piles for adjacent bridges is proposed, and the layout of isolation piles is given according to the difference of influence of parallel foundation pit construction on different parts of adjacent bridges. The measured deformation results of adjacent bridge piers show that the isolation piles effectively constrain the superposition effect of foundation pit excavation and ensure the safe operation of G7 high-speed Qinghe bridge.

Synergistic mechanism between surfactants and magnetization on water wetting characteristics

ZHOU Qun, ZHANG Wenhao, ZHA Jian, LI Huizhen, HOU Jin

2023, 33(3):  75-82.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.1178

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In order to further improve the synergistic ability between magnetization and surfactant in improving the water wettability, the synergistic mechanism between magnetization and surfactant was studied and analyzed based on the experiments of the infrared spectrum, surface tension, contact angle, dust settling time and dust removal efficiency. The field application of 48712 fully mechanized mining face in Ximing Mine verified the synergistic dust removal performance between them. Results showed that the magnetization changed the solution properties by breaking hydrogen bonds between water molecules, making large molecular cluster structures be changed into small molecular groups, which improved the dust removal performance of the solution. Surfactant utilized its own hydrophilic and lipophilic groups to form an isolation layer on the solution surface, significantly reducing the surface tension. Additionally, by changing the adsorption mode of the surfactant on the solution surface under the effect of magnetization, the wettability of the surfactant solution could be further enhanced and the surfactant usage was reduced. The critical micelle concentration of the compound surfactant C decreased by 25% compared with the original solution under magnetization. In field application, the synergistic effect between magnetization and surfactant is obviously better than that of the single surfactant solution.

Experimental study on fire resistance of four kinds of cable trench cover plate

SUN Tao, ZHANG Jiaqing, XIE Jia, XU Linzhi, ZHOU Yong, FAN Minghao

2023, 33(3):  83-89.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.0099

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In order to explore the impact mechanism of flowing fire on the fire resistance of different types of cable trench cover plates in the actual fire scene, and improve the fire prevention and control ability of substations, a series of fire resistance tests of cable trench cover plates under flowing fire and standard test furnace tests were carried out. The research shows that two kinds of polymer composite cover plates fail in a short time in the standard test furnace, while two kinds of concrete cover plates do not fail after 2 hours. In the non-standard test under simulated flowing fire, the temperature rise rate of the back fire surface of the grooved cover plate is the fastest, while that of the concrete cover plate plastered with mortar is the lowest. When the oil supply speed is 72.5 g/s, the effective fire resistance time of the slotted cover plate is about 130 s, and that of the polymer cover plate with fireproof cloth is 40 min. The effective fire resistance time of the two kinds of concrete covers is more than 2 h. The temperature rise on the back fire surface of the concrete cover plate with fireproof cloth increases with the increase of oil supply rate, but the increase rate is small. The two kinds of concrete cover plates with mortar plastering and fireproof cloth have the best fire resistance, while the two kinds of polymer composite cover plates with grooved and fireproof cloth have poor fire resistance. According to the test results, the concrete cover plate is recommended for the cable trench cover near the transformer and other oil filled equipment in the substation.

A prediction method of airport taxiing conflicts based on fuzzy numbers

YU Zhou, ZHANG Zhaoning

2023, 33(3):  90-95.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.0938

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In order to decrease the ground delay during the peak hours of the airport, and increase the resilience of the taxiway system to ensure the safe and efficient operation of the airport field, firstly, based on the analysis of aircraft taxiing process and combined with the concept of fuzzy number, the taxiing time of aircraft in each taxiway section was represented by triangular fuzzy number to reflect the fuzzy nature of taxiing time better. Then, based on the historical operation data and the performance data of the aircraft, a workflow network model of the aircraft taxiing triangular fuzzy number was built using the workflow network, and consistency verification was done. Finally, together with the findings of consistency verification, the calculation formula of taxiing conflict probability and the calculation technique of the probable time of conflict were presented based on the affiliation function of the triangular fuzzy number. The results show that the taxiing conflict prediction method proposed in this paper can calculate the probability of aircraft conflict in the taxiway section as well as the location and time of conflict occurrence, and the accuracy of the proposed method is verified by using Monte Carlo stochastic simulation.

Study on effect of coal dust particle size on wettability of surfactant compounding solution

LIAO Maolin, JIANG Bingyou, ZHANG Xiaoyi, TAO Wenhan, JI Ben

2023, 33(3):  96-102.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.1752

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To study the effect of coal dust particle size on the wetting ability of surfactant compound solutions, three Hongliu coal samples with diameter length ranges of less than 74, 74-104, and 104-147 μm were used for the sedimentation test. Five surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), fatty acid methyl ethoxylate sulfonate (FMES), sodium alcohol ether sulphate (AES), isooctyl ethoxylate (JFC) and octyldecyl glucoside (APG), were selected and compounded pairwisely at a mass ratio of 1∶1 to form 10 compound combinations, and the sedimentation tests were conducted on the monomer and compound solutions, respectively, to investigate the effect of different particle sizes on the wetting ability of coal dust in the compound solutions and in the compound solutions. The settling rate of coal dust in the compound solution and the surfactant monomer solution was investigated. The results show that: the particle size of coal dust does not affect the synergistic wetting effect between surfactants, but affects the degree of synergistic wetting between surfactants. The wetting ability of different combinations does not change due to the change in particle size of coal dust. The increase in the concentration of the compound solution improves the wetting ability of large particle size coal dust more obviously than that of small particle size coal dust. The combination of SDS and JFC has good wetting effect on different particle sizes of coal dust. The IR spectra of the coal samples before and after surfactant treatment showed that SDS and JFC could synergistically improve the wettability of coal dust.

Multi-evidence fusion comprehensive evaluation of importance of safety accident causation in hydropower project construction

ZHOU Shijie, LIU Donghai, JIN Rui

2023, 33(3):  103-110.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.0795

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In order to determine the main causes of construction safety accidents in hydroelectric projects, take targeted safety precautions to reduce potential safety hazards and reduce the probability of safety accidents, a multi-evidence fusion fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method for the importance of accident causes was proposed. A total of 306 typical accident cases were collected for cause analysis, and 23 accident cause indexes under fourrisk factors of human, material, management and environment were summarized to construct the evaluation index system of safety accident cause. The interval analytic hierarchy process (IAHP) and fuzzy set evaluation method were used to determine the weights of risk factors and cause indexes respectively, and then a multi-evidence comprehensive evaluation model based on expert group decision making and Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence fusion theory was established, and an example analysis was carried out. The results show that human factors and material factors are the main factors leading to accidents, the causes of accidents such as illegal operation, unsafe position, risk-taking psychology, no protective measures, and the use of unsafe measures account for a large weight, when taking safety prevention and control measures, the above factors should be considered.

Public safety

Research on weakly supervised crowd counting based on Swin Transformer

RAN Ruisheng, LI Jin, DONG Shuhong

2023, 33(3):  111-117.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.0784

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In order to reduce the probability of safety accidents caused by crowd gathering, research is carried out on the crowd counting task. For the problem of the high data labeling cost of the full supervision method and poor performance of the existing weak supervision method, a weak supervision crowd counting model based on Swin Transformer is designed. First, a Transformer model with a global receptive field and the ability to effectively extract semantic crowd information was introduced to deal with the problem of the limited receptive field and poor performance of the weakly supervised crowd counting method based on CNN. Then, a hierarchical design was adopted. The Swin Transformer model with multi-scale and hierarchical computing image features was used as the backbone network to strengthen the learning of different scale features, so that the model can better deal with the problem of crowd scale changes. Finally, the selection only needs the number of people as supervisory information. Weakly supervised training of information, avoiding the tedious and error-prone work of labeling each person's head in the image. The results show that the average absolute error of the method in this paper on ShanghaiTech Part A, ShanghaiTech Part B, and UCF-QNRF datasets is 66.1, 8.7, and 97.1, and the mean square error is 106.2, 14.9, and 165.8, which is better than the previous weakly supervised method and partially fully supervised methods.

Evaluation index system and index construction for urban safe development

YAN Jun, ZUO Zhe, WANG Yongzhu, LIU Zhiqiang, ZHANG Yuting

2023, 33(3):  118-125.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.0712

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In order to identify the state of urban security development and existing problems, this paper systematically studies the development process of urban safety, resilience and safe development based on the building practical experiences of resilient cities and safe development cities in China. The connotation and resilience potentials of urban security development are expounded from the urban complex adaptive system and resilience theory perspective. The evaluation index system and index generation method are given. The research results show that safety is an important guarantee for sustainable development, and a necessary condition for the urban system in the face of uncertain interference, such as dangerous and threatening events. System resilience embodies the transformation abilities of urban system disaster prevention and emergency mode from passive response to active prevention, timely adaptation and adjustment, which is an important means to achieve safe development. The evaluation of urban safe development is a dynamic process, which should pay attention to the resilience performance of the urban system to ensure that the urban system is always in the process of continuous adaptation and upgrading.

Public safety

Research on traffic violations interval time based on Cox proportional hazard regression model

LI Congying, ZHANG Haoxing, TAN Qian, LI Wei, CHENG Hua, WANG Qi

2023, 33(3):  126-133.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.0176

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In order to explore the influence of driver and time factors on the interval time of motor vehicle traffic violations on urban roads, data on the interval time, driver age, and accumulated points of motor vehicle drivers were collected. A set of 10 influencing factors was obtained after data cleaning. A Cox proportional hazard regression model based on the survival analysis algorithm was utilized to study the differences in the interval of the driver traffic offense and the key factors affecting the reccurrence of driver offense. The impact of each variable on the interval between the reccurrence of traffic offenses was analyzed. The findings indicate that the time interval of traffic violations is significantly affected by age, accumulated points, and month. Drivers aged 33 to 44 have the highest re-offending rate, while drivers over 60 have the lowest. Additionally, the cumulative points of the driver were found to be positively correlated with the steepness of the survival curve, and the accumulated points were positively correlated with the re-offending rate of the driver. Finally, the survival rates were highest in November and shortest in January at the same interval.

Research on model of subway operation accident's cause under small sample condition

WU Haitao, LIU Yue, DU Huimin

2023, 33(3):  134-140.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.1134

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In order to overcome the defect that the traditional accident causation reasoning model was not suitable for the subway operation accident causation reasoning under the condition of small sample, the BN, Bootstrap sampling method and D-S evidence theory were combined to establish the subway operation accident causation reasoning model. Firstly, the accident samples of subway operation over the years were analyzed to determine the accident cause factors and BN nodes. Secondly, based on BN, the Bootstrap sampling method and K2 algorithm were used to learn BN structure. Then the D-S evidence theory was used to correct the BN parameters, and the BN model of subway operation accident causation was established under the condition of small sample. Finally, causal reasoning, diagnostic reasoning and sensitivity analysis were carried out. The results show that the constructed model can effectively predict accident reasoning, and the mean value of node prediction accuracy is 0.858. Through causal reasoning, the most common type of subway operation accident is operation interruption, followed by fire and train conflict. Combined with diagnostic reasoning, it is found that the fault of power supply system is the main cause of operation interruption.

Analysis of evacuation risk of wide-body aircraft in fire scene

LYU Wei, WANG Jinghui, LI Jiawei, CHEN Wentao, FANG Zhiming

2023, 33(3):  141-146.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.0828

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In order to deal with the aviation fuel leakage fires that may be caused by the uncertain impact during the forced landing of aircraft, the passenger evacuation risk in the fire scenario was analyzed. PyroSim and Pathfinder software were used to analyze the dynamic development of the cabin fire and the emergency evacuation of passengers when the Airbus A350-900 was forced to land in two states: horizontal and forward. A comprehensive simulation study was conducted to calculate the remaining evacuation time distribution of 312 seats to analyze the safety risks in the cabin of the passenger aircraft. Research shows that the smoke temperature and CO volume fraction in the cabin reach dangerous critical values first, and the overall available evacuation time of business class and super economy class is longer than that of economy class. The evacuation of business class and super economy class, which is close to the exit and has fewer people, is faster. The economy class adopts the "3-3-3" type of horizontal arrangement of people, which leads to a long evacuation time for people in the middle. The impact of the forward tilt of the passenger aircraft on the development of the cabin fire is more obvious, but the impact on the overall evacuation efficiency is not prominent.

Storage safety evaluation of hazardous materials based on improved FAHP-Entropy method

LIU Guangqian, GU Xiaobo

2023, 33(3):  147-152.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.0801

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Aiming at the special properties of hazardous materials and the characteristics of storage safety management, in order to improve the risk identification ability and management level of hazardous materials storage safety, an evaluation method for hazardous materials storage safety based on improved FAHP-Entropy was proposed. Firstly, the evaluation index system was established from four aspects: personnel, management, materials and equipment, and environmental effect. Secondly, the improved FAHP method was used to determine the subjective weight of the indicators, and the Entropy method was used to determine the objective weight of the indicators. Based on the concept of distance function, the subjective weight and objective weight were integrated to obtain the comprehensive weight of each indicator. Thirdly, TRFN and fuzzy statistics were used to determine the fuzzy relation matrix. Finally, the fuzzy evaluation model was established and used to get the final evaluation result. This safety evaluation model has been used to evaluate the storage safety of hazardous materials in a hazardous materials logistics enterprise in Guangdong. The comprehensive evaluation results of the enterprise's storage safety of hazardous materials and the evaluation results of four first-level indicators, including personnel safety, management safety, material and equipment safety, and environmental safety, all belong to the "relatively safe" level. Among them, materials and equipment have the highest score. Based on the improved FAHP-Entropy model, the safety evaluation model can realize the identification of key risk factors in the safety management of the hazardous materials storage by comparing analyzing the index system and the evaluation results. This is helpful to improve the safety level of the enterprise's hazardous materials storage safety management.

Configuration path analysis of fire safety supervision capability based on TOE framework

DONG Changqi, LIU Jida, ZHAO Zebin

2023, 33(3):  153-160.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.0684

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In order to improve the efficacy of fire safety supervision, an analysis framework named TOE of fire safety supervision was constructed according to the TOE framework. The fsQCA method was used to study the causal mechanism between different factors and supervision performance. Five configuration paths were developed to achieve good supervision performance: technical support-dynamic governance, technical support-normal supervision, both normal and dynamic supervision-technical promotion, environmental shaping-dynamic governance, and environmental shaping-normal supervision. The results show that with the help of financial advantages, economically leading regions can adopt two paths of technical support-dynamic governance and technical support-normal supervision to improve the performance of fire safety supervision. Economically backward regions tend to focus on three other paths of both normal and dynamic supervision-technical promotion, environmental shaping-dynamic governance, and environmental shaping-normal supervision. By combining different governance methods such as normal supervision and dynamic governance and shaping the fire safety environment, it has a positive effect on improving the performance of fire safety supervision.

Study on influence of evacuation time of special population based on assistance ratio

CAI Jialiang, LI Kailing, QU Lu, WEI Liuyang, LI Yao

2023, 33(3):  161-166.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.1010

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In order to explore the influence of the number of rescuers on the evacuation of special populations, according to the behavior mode of special populations during evacuation, pathfinder simulation software was used to eatablish an evacuation simulation model based on the assistance ratio for a residential building of a special population. The parameters of the assistance ratio of different special populations were simulated, and the influence of different assistance ratios on evacuation time was analyzed. The results show that the stairwell is the main area affecting the evacuation time. Therefore, according to the parameter changes in the original model, a local evacuation model of the stairwell with different crowd evacuation speeds is established to study the evacuation speed of the stairwell under different working conditions. The results show that the evacuation time is related to the assistance ratio of special population in a U-shaped curve, which decreases with the increase of assistance ratio, reaches the minimum at 40%(2∶5), and then increases with the increase of assistance ratio. When the assist ratio is different, the evacuation time is mainly affected by the speed of the stairs. When the assist ratio is low, the speed of the stairs is significantly affected by the speed reduction coefficient of the stairwell. When the assist ratio is high, the speed of the normal person is significantly affected.

Research on vulnerability of rail transit network under coordinated attack of associated stations

CUI Xin, LU Qingchang, ZHANG Lei, XU Biao, QIN Han, LIU Peng

2023, 33(3):  167-173.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.1424

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In order to explore the vulnerability of the rail transit network after multiple associated stations were deliberately attacked and the differences in the impact of different attacks, the correlation between multiple stationswas measured and analyzed, and the vulnerability quantification method of the rail transit network under the coordinated attack of the associated stations was given. An attack model aiming at maximizing vulnerability was proposed, and the model was solved by immune algorithm to obtain the optimal attack strategy. Taking Shanghai metro network as an example, the vulnerability of rail transit networks under multi stations coordinated attack was studied. The results show that the vulnerability of rail transit networks under multi stations deliberate attack depends not only on the importance of each station, but also on the correlation between different stations, especially the spatial location correlation and passenger travel correlation. Multiple transfer stations located on different lines and with large passenger flow have the highest vulnerability to coordinated attacks. After multiple stations accounting for 3.56% of the total number of network stations are attacked at the same time, the rail transit network performance loss can reach up to 63.61%.

Public safety

Study on evacuation decision and wayfinding behavior based on eye tracking characteristics

DING Tianqi, WANG Shu, WEI Yixuan, XU Yifei, JIN Longzhe

2023, 33(3):  174-180.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.0553

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In order to explore the characteristics of individual risk-based decision-making behavior in the evacuation process and the influence of channel structure on evacuation behavior, simulated evacuation experiments with scoring and reward rules were conducted. The evacuees made continuous decisions based on the evacuation tasks of the computer terminal and the underground garage, respectively. The evacuees' eye movement parameters were collected using eye tracking technology. The evacuees' visual distribution and perception characteristics were characterized by gaze duration, fixation times and other data. Combined with the statistical results of risky behaviors in decision-making, the change characteristics of decision-making behaviors of subjects facing risks in the evacuation process and the influence of path characteristics on wayfinding behaviors were analyzed. The results show that when risky decision-making tasks appear continuously in the simulated evacuation, with physical exhaustion, participants are more inclined to choose the safe road. The proportion of risk-seeking behaviors increases when subjects feel that they are approaching the exit. The evacuees pay more attention to the key information of the first perception or potential target, which influences evacuation decision-making behavior. Compared with the flat and straight path, the subjects' gaze time increases by 4-6 times at the sudden change of the passage, such as the fire gate area, rugged paths, and irregular angles, and show more hesitation and turning back behaviors.

Emergency technology and management

Identification of key subjects in emergency material collaboration network based on OODA cycle

WANG Jian, LIAN Chenxi, LIU Jida

2023, 33(3):  181-187.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.0633

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In order to identify the key subjects in the material support collaboration system and improve the efficiency of emergency organization, on the basis of considering the participation of multiple social subjects, the OODA cycle theory was used to construct the emergency material support collaboration framework. According to the contribution of the subject in the formation of the collaboration ring and the performance of the collaboration, the identific ation method of the key subject was established. The phased development of the novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic was taken as an empirical case to verify the effectiveness of the method. The results show that the three key subjects in the case collaborative network are the information subject S₃, the information subject S₅ and the execution subject I₁₈. More than 70% of the collaborstion ring structures are complex. The amount of information subjects is the least, but the average collaboration efficiency is the highest. The executive subjects have an important role in the expansion of the collaboration ring, and the decision-making subject has obvious advantages in the collaboration efficiency. The efficiency distribution of the three types of collaborative relationships in the task delivery process is balanced, among the three types of collaborative relationships in the task collaboration process, the number of execution relationships is the largest and the efficiency is the highest.

Location model and algorithm of emergency material storage considering time satisfaction

ZHOU Lei, LI Qianpeng, LI Fachao

2023, 33(3):  188-194.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.1158

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The purpose of this paper aimed to effectively carry out the site selection of emergency material storage under the background of emergencies. Firstly, considering the time when emergency supplies arrive at the demand point, a bi-objective mixed integer programming model was established with the goal of maximizing time satisfaction and minimizing location cost. Then, the simulated annealing operator was introduced into the immune algorithm, and the immune simulated annealing algorithm was constructed by combining the advantages of the two operators. Finally, taking the Wenchuan earthquake data of 29 counties and cities located in the Longmenshan fault zone in Sichuan Province as an example, the site selection scheme for selecting 2-8 emergency material storage warehouses was worked out and the results of different schemes were compared. The results show that the immune simulated annealing algorithm is stable, and the time satisfaction of the scheme with 8 locations is increased by 15.8% compared with the previous study, and the location cost is reduced by 26 268 yuan. The time satisfaction and location cost of the results obtained are better than those of immune algorithm and simulated annealing algorithm, which is conducive to the location of emergency material storage.

A review of emergency shelter rescue system based on bibliometric analysis

GENG Shaoqing, HOU Hanping, ZHOU Zhou

2023, 33(3):  195-203.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.0676

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To continuously improve the rescue function of emergency shelters, the research related to the rescue system was reviewed. Using the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) core journal database and Web of Science (WOS), 355 Chinese and English papers were screened, and bibliometric, network analysis, and thematic analysis were conducted. With the help of bibliometric and visualization tools, popular research results, influential authors, institutions, and regions were refined. Four research clusters have been identified, including evacuation demand, emergency shelter location, evacuation behavior, and emergency shelter rescue networks. Then the interrelationships between groups were analyzed. Finally, the gaps and trends in existing research were identified. The shelter rescue system research prospected from evacuation needs, resource coordination, integration, and big data and information technology application to provide a reference for the existing research. The results show that studies on emergency shelter rescue systems have received increasing attention from scholars during 1996-2021. The Chinese papers focus on emergency shelter locations, while the English papers also focus on emergency evacuation behavior. A detailed thematic analysis of four research clusters is conducted to facilitate the review of related literature and reveal the continued need to focus on evacuation needs, enhance resource utilization, and explore optimization methods.

Occupational health

A review of driving fatigue research in human-machine co-driving environment

ZHANG Hui, NI Dingan, ZENG Ke, DING Naikan, WU Chaozhong

2023, 33(3):  204-211.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.0512

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In order to reduce the influence of driving fatigue on driver's state in the process of automatic driving, the development status of driver fatigue was analyzed under the environment of human-machine co-driving, the existing studies were systematically sorted out and future development of driver fatigue were put forward, too. Firstly, through literature retrieval and correlation analysis, the research status of fatigue accumulation in the process of human-machine co-driving was clarified. Then, the research results were analyzed from three dimensions: the cause analysis of driving fatigue under manual driving and human-machine co-driving, the influence of driving duration and non-driving related tasks on fatigue, and the influence of driving fatigue on driving behavior under human-machine co-driving environment. Finally, the shortcomings and development direction of driver fatigue research in human-machine co-driving environment were proposed. The results show that the human-machine co-driving mode leads to an increase in passive fatigue of the driver and the takeover performance is impaired. The flexible setting of non-driving related tasks and automatic driving time can effectively alleviate passive fatigue. The evolution law and detection model of driving fatigue in the process of human-machine co-driving are still unclear. Exploring the driver fatigue control strategy based on the characteristics of human-machine co-driving scenarios is focus of future research.

Experimental study on disinfection and reuse of disposable masks

ZHU Jintuo, JIANG Qijun, HE Xinjian, WANG Liang, JING Pengli

2023, 33(3):  212-219.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.1212

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In view of the shortage and reuse of masks caused by the COVID-19 outbreak which transmitted via droplet aerosols, based on the self-built simulation test system for individual anti-virus masks, and by replacing virus with 0-200 nm NaCl aerosols, the changes of penetration, inhalation resistance and quality factor of five masks commonly used during the epidemic were tested for 8 hours. Furthermore, five disinfection methods of hot water immersion, alcohol spraying, high-pressure steam, ultraviolet radiation and dry heating were used to treat the above five masks after 8 h testing at 85 L/min, and the penetration, inhalation resistance and quality factor of each mask before and after disinfection treatment were compared. The research results show that as the test time increases within 8 hours, the penetration of each mask increases linearly and the inhalation resistance increases slowly. After 8 h testing, the filtration efficiencies of all N95 respirators are still higher than 95%, and the inhalation resistances are far below 300 Pa, indicating that the N95 respirators can be reused. Hot water immersion, alcohol spraying and high-pressure steam disinfection treatment will cause the filtration efficiency of masks to decrease significantly, and the protective performance of the masks before disinfection cannot be maintained. Ultraviolet radiation and dry heating have no significant influence on the filtration efficiency and inhalation resistance of each mask, and thus can be used as disinfection means before the masks reusage.

Thermal comfort study on tent interior based on thermal manikin in cold environment

LAN Mingqiang, LI Yayun, WANG Xiang, GUO Xian, LIU Xiaoyong

2023, 33(3):  220-227.  doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2023.03.1129

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In order to understand the law of temperature change inside the tent, the personnel required clothing insulation(IREQ) and the risk of hypothermia in a cold environment, the national standard disaster relief tent and epidemic prevention tent were used to carry out experimental research in the environment from -10 to 10 ℃ using the thermal manikin to explore the thermal insulation performance of different types of tents. The empirical formula was used to evaluate the thermal comfort of personnel inside the tent. The improvement effect of the heated clothing on the body area was analyzed according to the thermal resistance of clothing on the heat exchange process between people and the environment influence, the temperature change of various parts of the thermal manikin. Research shows that: the national standard disaster relief tent has better insulation performance than the epidemic prevention tent, and the difference was greater when the temperature was lower. The thermal comfort of people inside the tent decreases with the temperature, and the floor temperature has a great impact on the local dissatisfaction rate of the human body. When the clothing thermal resistance was lower than the demand thermal resistance, the temperatures of the left forearm and right calf of the thermal manikin decrease the most, by 4.7 ℃ and 5.3 ℃, respectively. When the heating suit was turned on, the clothing temperature of the covered area rose significantly. When the ambient temperature dropped to -10 ℃, the temperature of the thermal manikin still dropped significantly in all areas, even when the 45 ℃ heating gear was turned on, with dropped by 5.3 ℃ in the left forearm and around 6.5 ℃ in the right forearm.