工作压力、职业倦怠对建筑工人不安全行为的影响

doi:10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2022.11.2539

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为深入探究建筑工人工作压力和职业倦怠对不安全行为的作用关系,首先,基于建筑工人工作特点和文献调研,选取个体安全认知和班组安全氛围作为中介变量;然后,引入心理韧性、心理脱离和心理资本作为调节变量,建立工作压力、职业倦怠对建筑工人不安全行为的影响假设模型;借鉴成熟的心理量表进行问卷调研,运用SPSS26.0和AMOS24.0进行信效度分析,建立结构方程模型(SEM)并验证研究假设,同时,采用Mplus8.0对心理调节变量的调节效应进行建模分析。研究结果表明:工作压力、职业倦怠对建筑工人不安全行为具有显著促进作用,且工作压力与职业倦怠正相关;个体的安全认知和班组的安全氛围在工作压力-不安全行为和职业倦怠-不安全行为间均具有显著的中介效应;心理韧性在工作压力与不安全行为间具有显著负向调节关系,心理脱离在职业倦怠与不安全行为间具有显著负向调节关系,心理资本在工作压力与职业倦怠间具有显著负向调节关系,即心理调节可以使工人的不安全行为得到有效控制。建议施工企业应结合心理调节措施,通过缓解工作压力、降低职业倦怠、提高个体安全认知、改善班组安全氛围等途径预防工人产生不安全行为。

关键词: 工作压力, 职业倦怠, 建筑工人, 不安全行为, 结构方程模型(SEM)

Abstract:

In order to deeply explore the relationship between job stress and burnout in unsafe behaviors of construction workers, firstly, based on the work characteristics of construction workers and literature research, individual safety cognition and team safety climate were selected as mediating variables. Psychological resilience, psychological detachment and psychological capital were introduced as moderating variables to model the hypothesis of the effects of job stress and burnout on construction workers' unsafe behaviors. Questionnaire research was conducted by drawing on mature psychological scales, using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 24.0 for reliability and validity analysis, SEM and validation of research hypotheses, and Mplus 8.0 for modeling the moderating effects of psychological moderating variables. The results show that job stress and burnout contribute significantly to construction workers' unsafe behaviors, and job stress is positively correlated with burnout. Individual safety cognition and team safety climate have significant mediating effects between job stress-unsafe behaviors and burnout-unsafe behaviors. Psychological resilience significantly negatively regulates the relationship between job stress and unsafe behaviors, psychological detachment significantly negatively regulates the relationship between burnout and unsafe behavior, and psychological capital significantly negatively regulates the relationship between job stress and burnout, that is, psychological adjustment can effectively reduce the unsafe behavior tendency of workers. It is recommended that construction companies should combine psychological adjustment measures to prevent workers' unsafe behaviors by relieving work stress, reducing burnout, improving individual safety perceptions, and improving the safety atmosphere in the work group.

Key words: work stress, job burnout, construction workers, unsafe behavior, structural equation modeling (SEM)

周建亮, 胡飞翔, 邢艳冬, 高嘉瑞. 工作压力、职业倦怠对建筑工人不安全行为的影响[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2022, 32(11): 14-22.

ZHOU Jianliang, HU Feixiang, XING Yandong, GAO Jiarui. Influence of job stress and burnout on unsafe behaviors of construction workers[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2022, 32(11): 14-22.

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特征	分类	人数	占比/%
性别	男	215	71.67
性别	女	85	28.33
年龄/岁	≤45	224	74.67
年龄/岁	>45	76	25.33
工龄/a	≤5	55	18.33
	6~10	120	40
	11~15	59	19.67
	>15	66	22
教育程度	初中	121	40.33
	高中、中专、技校	95	31.67
	其他	84	28
每周工作时间/h	≤55	99	33
	56~70	172	57.33
	>70	29	9.67

潜变量	CR	AVE	Cronbach's α
工作压力X₁	0.846	0.524	0.835
职业倦怠X₂	0.801	0.573	0.856
安全认知Y₁	0.842	0.571	0.846
安全氛围Y₂	0.808	0.513	0.819
心理韧性Z₁	0.856	0.665	0.886
心理脱离Z₂	0.882	0.651	0.864
心理资本Z₃	0.868	0.623	0.851
不安全行为U	0.802	0.503	0.806

模型	拟合指数	χ²/df	CFI	GFI	AGFI	RMSEA
模型	适配度标准值	<5	>0.9	>0.8	>0.8	<0.08
含CMV模型	九因子:X₁;X₂;Y₁;Y₂;Z₁;Z₂;Z₃;U;CMV	1.721	0.926	0.892	0.889	0.082
基本模型	八因子:X₁;X₂;Y₁;Y₂;Z₁;Z₂;Z₃;U	1.912	0.921	0.874	0.869	0.069
模型1	七因子:X₁;X₂;Y₁;Y₂;Z₁+Z₃;Z₂;U	2.147	0.843	0.819	0.807	0.092
模型2	七因子:X₁;X₂;Y₁;Y₂;Z₁;Z₂+Z₃;U	2.178	0.856	0.744	0.741	0.098
模型3	七因子:X₁;X₂;Y₁;Y₂;Z₁+Z₂;Z₃;U	2.139	0.835	0.791	0.779	0.104
模型4	六因子:X₁;X₂;Y₁;Y₂;Z₁+Z₂+Z₃;U	2.167	0.814	0.782	0.773	0.115
模型	拟合指数	χ²/df	CFI	GFI	AGFI	RMSEA
模型	适配度标准值	<5	>0.9	>0.8	>0.8	<0.08
模型5	五因子:X₁+X₂;Y₁;Y₂;Z₁+Z₂+Z₃;U	2.413	0.772	0.774	0.770	0.181
模型6	五因子:X₁;X₂;Y₁+Y₂;Z₁+Z₂+Z₃;U	2.436	0.767	0.770	0.769	0.184
模型7	四因子:X₁+X₂;Y₁+Y₂;Z₁+Z₂+Z₃;U	2.647	0.731	0.758	0.752	0.189

研究变量	X₁	X₂	Y₁	Y₂	Z₁	Z₂	Z₃	U
工作压力X₁	0.724	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
职业倦怠X₂	0.581^**	0.751	—	—	—	—	—	—
安全认知Y₁	-0.373^**	-0.562^**	0.756	—	—	—	—	—
安全氛围Y₂	-0.532^**	-0.454^**	0.611^**	0.716	—	—	—	—
心理韧性Z₁	-0.091	-0.187^*	0.312^**	0.324^**	0.815	—	—	—
心理脱离Z₂	-0.103^*	-0.196^*	0.323^**	0.304^**	0.099	0.807	—	—
心理资本Z₃	-0.093	-0.193^*	0.418^**	0.229^**	0.311^**	0.092	0.789	—
不安全行为U	0.575^**	0.359^**	-0.662^**	-0.471^**	-0.223^**	-0.321^**	-0.414^**	0.709

改善路径		效应值	Boot 标准误	95%置信区间
改善路径		效应值	Boot 标准误	下限	上限
间接效应	X₁→Y₁→U	0.263	0.030	0.196	0.315
	X₂→Y₁→U	0.437	0.062	0.342	0.588
	X₁→Y₂→U	0.246	0.050	0.129	0.327
	X₂→Y₂→U	0.230	0.047	0.113	0.302
直接效应	X₁→U	0.552	0.103	0.325	0.736
直接效应	X₂→U	0.372	0.098	0.192	0.585